The mystery of Minihan's Road, Cranbourne

Monahan's Road is in Cranbourne; it runs from Sladen Street up to Breens Road. There is a park on Monahan's Road called Minihan's Reserve. However, Monahan's Road was originally called Minihan's Road after the Minihan family.  So, the mystery is why is it now known as Monahan's Road and what happened to Minihan's Road?

1963 aerial of Cranbourne (photograph taken December 14, 1963).

Monahan's Road is on the left hand side of the photograph, and ends at what appears to be a ploughed area, but is now, I think, part of SP Ausnet Cranbourne Terminal Station. You can see the beginnings of a new housing estate, centered either side of Camms Road, to the left of the Railway Line. This includes streets such as Evelyne Avenue, Virginia Avenue, Rosalie Avenue etc. Also off Camms Road and between the railway line and the South Gippsland Highway, you can see the development of Circle Drive, to the north of this is Clairmont Avenue and Fenfield Street . What looks like a quarry is now Donnelly Reserve.

Detail of page 128 of the 1973 Edition 6 of the Melway Street Directory. 

Monahans Road is just to the left of blue Cranbourne heading.

The Minihan family were listed in the Shire of Cranbourne Rate Books from 1863 (the first year we have access to these records), when William Minihan is shown as owning 54 acres in Section 5, Lot 9 in the Parish of Lyndhurst. The general location is shown on the Parish Plan, below.

Detail of Lyndhust Parish Plan - the star marks Section 9, the location of the Minihan property.

Lyndhurst, County of Mornington / drawn and reproduced at the Department of Lands and Survey, Melbourne.

State Library of Victoria http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/288705

Cranbourne residents, 1930s and 1940s

This is a sketch map produced for the publication of the book Cranbourne: a town with a history, published by the City of Casey in 1996. (You can access an on-line copy of this book here). A long term Cranbourne resident, Mrs Joan Kelsall, identified the location of Cranbourne residents in the 1930s and 1940s and shows John Minihan's house on Monahan's Road.

William Minihan married Mary Coffee in 1854 in Limerick in Ireland and they very soon after migrated to Victoria. The had nine children, I can't find the registration records for them all, so some dates are a educated guess - 

Mary Ann - died aged four months old in 1855 in Collingwood.

Patrick - born c.1856 and died in 1926 in Cranbourne, aged 70.

Mary Ann - born c.1858 and died aged 5 years old in Cranbourne in 1863.

John - born c.1860 and died aged 3 years old in Cranbourne in 1863.

Catherine - born 1862, birth registered at Lyndhurst and died in 1947 at Northcote, aged 84. 

Mary Ann - born c. 1864 and died aged 32 in Cranbourne in 1896. 

John - born 1866, birth registered at Lyndhurst and died in 1936 in Dandenong, aged 69.

Ellen Francis - born 1868, birth registered at Cranbourne and died in 1898 in Cranbourne, aged 31.  Johanna - born 1870, birth registered at Cranbourne; married Patrick McGrath in 1896 and died 1964 in Murrumbeena aged 94. 

William died on January 25, 1911 and Mary died March 10, 1905 and they are both buried at Cranbourne Cemetery, along with some of their children.  William's Probate papers showed he owned various parcels of  land in the area - in the Parish of Langwarrin - Crown Allotment (CA) 7A of 100 acres, CA 7B of 20 acres and CA 7C of 16 acres, all with no improvements other than fencing. I believe this land is off  Brown's Road, east of Smith's Road in Cranbourne South. 

Detail of Langwarrin Plan, showing William Minihan's property.

Langwarrin, State Library of Victoria http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/160492

William's land in the Parish of Lyndhurst consisted of - 27 acres part of Crown portions 9 and 10, lot B, with a four roomed weather-board house, hay shed, barn and stable; 26 acres, Lot 4 of Crown Portion 9 with a wattle and daub house and 2 acres of orchards; 26 acres Lot 5 of Crown Portion 9 with a cow shed and fencing; 26 acres Lot 8, Crown Portion 7 with fencing. All up the land was valued at just over £1474 and he also had furniture and tools valued at £17.  

We know from William's Will and from the Shire of Cranbourne Rate books that William, John, Patrick and later Catherine Minihan owned land in Crown Allotments 7, 9 and 10 from at least 1863  until 1936 and we know that this is exactly the same area where Monahan's Road is today

Minihan entry, Shire of Cranbourne Rate books 1925-1926.

Minihan entry, Shire of Cranbourne Rate books 1935-1966.

There are newspaper references to show that there was once a road called Minihans's Road in Cranbourne, as we can see below.

Cranbourne Shire contract to form and gravel Minihan's Road 

South Bourke and Mornington Journal, November 7 1900 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article70046498

Cranbourne Shire Engineer's report. The name has been spelt incorrectly, bit still clearly referring to the road where the Minihan family lived.

Dandenong Advertiser September 6 1917 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article88818645

Death notice of John Minihan in 1936, of Minihan's Road, Cranbourne

The Age February 17, 1936, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article205239716

There is clear evidence that Monahan's Road was originally called Minihan's Road. We know that there used to be a Minihan's Road in Cranbourne; we know that the Minihan family lived on what is now called Monahan's Road and that they owned land on either side of Monahan's Road for seventy years. The mystery is, why was it changed? I do not know, but I suspect it was just slackness in regard to the spelling and the wrong spelling was eventually accepted.

And what is even more ironic, is that the road near their Cranbourne South property, Crown Allotments 7A, 7B and 7C, Parish of Langwarrin, referred to above, seems also to have been known locally  Minahan's Road or South Lyndhurst Road. There is no possibility that the reference below would refer to what is now Monahan's Road. 

A reference to Minahan's Road in South Lyndhurst (now Cranbourne South_.

Dandenong Advertiser, August 9 1917 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article88818493

What are the chances that an early land owning family in the Cranbourne area could, over 100 years ago have had two roads named for them and now there are none? In sporting parlance, if I was a Minihan, I would say 'we was robbed'.

Sources - Shire of Cranbourne Rate books; Indexes to the Victorian Births, Deaths and Marriages; Minihan family trees on Ancestry.com;  Willian Minihan's Probate papers at the Public Records Office of Victoria, see here.

A version of this post, which I wrote and researched, appears on my work blog, Casey Cardinia Links to Our Past

Church of Christ, Scientist churches in St Kilda Road, Camberwell and Elsternwick

I was driving around Elsternwick recently with a friend, and we went down Gordon Street (which as I found out runs at the back of Ripponlea mansion) and across the way, saw an interesting looking building with an unusual tower. When I got home, I typed 'Elsternwick Church' into the State Library of Victoria website to try to identify it, and this photo of the building came up. The building was the Third Church of Christ Scientist, Melbourne and it is in Ripon Grove. The name comes from the fact that this was the third Christian Science Congregation in Melbourne. This post looks at the first three Christian Science Church buildings in Melbourne (1).

Third Church of Christ, Scientist, Melbourne in Elsternwick.

Commercial Photographic Company photographer.

Harold Paynting Collection, State Library of Victoria Image H2009.177/18

In 1922, The Herald published a short history of the denomination in Melbourne - 

The first record of Christian Science in Melbourne is the following advertisement which appeared in the local papers of June 4, 1898:- "Christian Science (as taught by Mrs Eddy) Meeting, Sunday afternoon, June 5, at three o'clock, Victoria Buildings, 80 Swanston street." A few persons attended the meeting, and this was the beginning of Christian Science in this State. After holding several meetings in Victoria Buildings, the small band moved to Oxford Chambers, Bourke street, where the first regular Sunday service was held July 20, 1898. The society thus formed eventually disbanded, and on February 28, 1903, thirteen members of the Mother Church met at Oxford Chambers and organised the First Church of Christ, Scientist, in Melbourne. (2).

First Church of Christ, Scientist, in St Kilda Road, Melbourne, c. 1920s.

Photographer: Ruth Hollick.

State Library of Victoria Image H93.500/10

The First Church of Christ, Scientist congregation held services at the Athenaeum Hall in Collins Street, until their new Church was built on St Kilda Road, on the corner of Dorcas Street (3). The Argus reported on this new building which was officially opened May 7, 1922 -  

The design was prepared by Messrs. Bates, Peebles, and Smart, and the contract price was £25,000 to which must be added £5,000 for the land. The treatment is in  the free classic style, with the classic feeling specially emphasised by a columned portico of the Ionic order. To relieve severity of line, the large semi-circular windows have curved pediments. An additional relief is afforded by a dome roofed with copper plating specially treated so as to give it a metallic green surface. The building is in two storeys, the upper being used for the church services. Here then will be accommodation for 600 persons. The lower story, which it slightly smaller, will serve as a Sunday school.... An unusual feature for a church is the lift. This, it is explained, is provided for the benefit of those infirm members of the communium [sic] who attend the faith healing services. (4).

On October 11, 1925, the Dedication services of this Church were conducted as Christian Science churches are not dedicated until the churches are free from debt. (5). The Church was extended in 1934, with the work complete in the March, and The Argus had this report -

Although not included in the original design of the church, the additional block has been designed in the same free classical style as the main building and the Sunday school block. Complete conformity of style between the main building and the new block has been the object of the architects, Messrs. Bates, Smart, and McCutcheon, who designed the original building in 1920 (6).  The building is still in use by the Christian Scientists. 

First Church of Christ, Scientist, in St Kilda Road, Melbourne, 1970.

Photographer: Mark Strizic

State Library of Victoria Image H2011.55/1433

The Second Church of  Christ, Scientist in Melbourne was established by only 19 members in the middle of 1924, to relieve the overflowing congregations of First Church, Melbourne. (7). The congregation held services at the Masonic Hall in Launder Street, in Hawthorn and later erected  a substantial church in Cookson Street, Camberwell, which was opened November 22, 1936. This building was designed by the firm of Bates, Smart and McCutcheon. The building won the firm the Street Architecture Medal for 1938. The award, presented by the Royal Victorian Institute of Architects, was to encourage excellence of design in street architecture. (8).

The Age reported -

In recommending the award of the medal the jury reported that the building illustrates the architectural dignity which may be achieved with simplicity of massing, well proportioned voids and the judicious placing of appropriate enrichment. Elimination rather than decoration tends to characterise accepted standards of good architecture to-day, and this building reveals a particularly happy balance between these two considerations. It represents a satisfactory solution to the architectural problem of a modern church without resort to traditional ecclesiastical motifs. The chief interest in the front elevation centres in three large vertical openings which feature glazed decorative wrought iron screens, superbly designed and executed. Unity of design has been produced with cream toned bricks used throughout the exterior, even to the cornices and ornamental features over the doorways, the large plain surfaces being relieved with horizontal, recessed bands at regular intervals. (9).

Second Church of  Christ, Scientist, at Camberwell. 

Image: Building : the magazine for the architect, builder, property owner and merchant.

Vol. 60 No. 355 (12 March, 1937) From Trove. 

The Church could seat 450 people and included features such as double glazing, theatre-style seating, automatically controlled heating and ventilation and a lift. On September 2, 1945 the Dedication services were held as the Church, erected at a cost of more than £16,000, was debt free (10).   The building is still in use by the Christian Scientists. 

This brings us to the Third Church of Christ, Scientist, at 12 Ripon Grove,  Elsternwick. This church

was formed on account of the crowding, for the second time, of  First Church of Christ, Scientist, Melbourne (corner St. Kilda Road and Dorcas Street). To relieve the congestion somewhat, 30 members of that church living southwards from Balaclava withdrew and organised Third Church, and began holding their services in the Masonic Hall, St. George's Road, Elsternwick, in February, 1927 (11).

In  August 1928, they purchased land in Ripon Grove and by February 1929 the congregation had paid off the debt; the building of the grand Romanesque-style edifice commenced in August 1930 and it was officially opened on June 28, 1931.  The Church and furnishings were designed by architect, Louis R. Williams of Little Collins Street and the completed cost was £12,000. (12).  Louis Williams was a noted Church Architect - other examples of his work are Anglican Churches in Flemington (1925), Albert Park (1925);  Frankston (1933), Alexandra (1937), Harrietville (1938), Caulfield (1939), Mansfield (1940) and Box Hill (1952) and Presbyterian Churches at Murrumbeena (1933) and Ormond (1937). Louis Reginald Williams died March 1980, aged 89 (13). 

The Herald described the Third Church of Christ, Scientist at Elsternwick thusly - 

In tone, the whole of the church is mellow, the walls being of clinker brick, with roofing tiles of chocolate to harmonise. Violent contrast in colors has been avoided. The outline of the main front, facing Rippon [sic] Grove, although not symmetrical, yet presents a sympathetic building up in

varying heights leading up to and culminating in the corner tower, a distinguishing feature from many viewpoints. In plan the edifice is two storied, the church being built over the Sunday school. The ground floor foyer, paved with carefully selected tones of Terazzo, leads to a double flight of concrete stairs taking one to the upper foyer and so to the church auditorium. The nave of the church will accommodate about 450 persons.

The whole of the walling is panelled, the design being arranged so as to link up with and form part of the seating construction. The roof is of the open timbered variety, heavy semi-circular trusses sweeping overhead from floor to roof: these, together with the large arches of the transept and crossing, create an impressive interior, severe and dignified. Pressed cement tracery windows give due accentuation to the church. Leaded glass of interesting formation is provided, while the mellow toned glass diffuses a soft light over the whole, harmonising with the softly textured plaster of the walls. The accommodation of this upper floor also provides for a board room, committee room, clerk's room, ushers' room, and rooms for the readers, organist and soloist, and organ chamber and staircase hall leading to the gallery.

On the ground door, besides the Sunday school, which is equal in size to that of the church, there are provided three committee rooms, cloak room, reading room and retiring rooms. Provision has been made throughout the building for heating by electricity, and sound proofing. (14).

On April 15, 1945 the Dedication services were held at the Elsternwick Church, as it was debt free. (15).

Third Church of Christ, Scientist, Melbourne in Elsternwick.

Image: Third Church of Christ, Scientist as published in  From sand, swamp and heath...a history of Caulfield (16). 

The building is no longer used by the Christian Scientists. I don't have an exact date as to when they ceased using the building, but as the advertisement below shows, they were still active in November 1986, as a free lecture was held in the building, but after that I cannot find any advertised Christian Science activities held in Ripon Grove. By July 1988 the building was occupied by the Australian College of Metaphysical Studies. 

Christian Science lecture held at Third Church of Christ, Scientist, in November 1986

The Age November 6, 1986. p. 52, from newspapers.ocm

July 1988 - Third Church of Christ, Scientist, now occupied by 

Australian College of Metaphysical Studies

The Age, July 9, 1988 p. 160, from newspapers.com

I love Church architecture and I have an interest in the social history of churches and the much larger role Churches used to play in the social life (as well as the Spiritual life) of the community, so this has been an fascinating piece of research for me. The other thing to note is just how much Church news appeared in the newspapers in the past -  reports of sermons, photographs and information on new Church buildings; information about the Ministers  and Priests; service times - it was all reported. 

Trove list - I have created a list of articles on Trove connected to the building of the first three Church of Christ, Scientist churches in Melbourne,  access it here. 

Footnotes

(1) For more on Christian Science https://christiansciencevictoria.com.au/

(2) The Herald, May 6, 1922, see here.

(3) Ibid

(4) The Argus, May 4, 1922, see here.

(5) The Argus, October 14, 1925, see here.

(6) The Argus, March 15, 1934, see here.

(7) The Age, September 4, 1945, see here.

(8) Box Hill Reporter, September 10, 1926, see here; The Age, November 21, 1936, see here; Street Medal criteria -  The Herald, January 18, 1928, see here

(9) The Age, March 25, 1939, see here.

(10) The Argus, October 23, 1936, see here; The Age, September 4, 1945, see here.

(11) The Herald, May 13, 1931, see here.

(12) The Herald, May 13, 1931, see here; The Argus, June 29, 1931, see here; grand romanesque quote from City of Glen Eira Thematic Environmental History (Refresh) 2020, p. 100.   https://www.gleneira.vic.gov.au/media/7583/glen-eira-c214glen-city-of-glen-eira-thematic-environmentla-history-refresh-2020.pdf  

(13) Various references on Trove; Louis Reginald Williams - Melbourne University - https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/items/e97e135c-b251-50a1-a553-d4e8a18eaa4a/full 

(14) The Herald, May 13,  1931, see here.

(15) The Age, April 16, 1945, see here.

(16) Murray, John R and Wells, John C From sand, swamp and heath...a history of Caulfield (City of Caulfield, 1980), p. 222.

Emil Heinrich Schellenberger aka Emile Henry Shelley

Emil Heinrich Schellenberger was born on June 17, 1869 at the family home and business, the Bakers' Arms Hotel in Sandhurst, as Bendigo was once called. He was the fifth child and fifth son of George and Wilhelmina (nee Herold) Schellenberger. When Emil died in 1944 in Warragul, he was known as Emile Henry Shelley and he generously left his estate to the people of Bunyip for the beautification and advancement of the township. This is his story and I am sorry to say that I don't have  a photograph of him. 

His father, George Schellenberger was born June 27, 1826 in Merxheim, Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany.  George arrived in Sandhurst in 1852 and he returned to his birth town in 1862 where on November 27 he married Wilhemina, who had been born on August 8, 1841. Their eight children, were all born in Bendigo; Emil's birth being followed by two sisters and another brother (1).

George Schellenberger - a member of the Society of the Old Bendigonians, 

residents who were in Bendigo up to December 31, 1853 (2) 

State Library of Victoria Image H26099/99

George was a successful businessman - a Master Baker and later a Publican, but the family endured many tragedies - their third son, Albert, died in 1867 aged only 11 months; their second son, Friedrich, died in 1871 aged 6 years and five months; George himself died of cancer on January 27, 1876, when he was only 47. This was followed by the death of the eldest daughter, Wilhelmina in 1877 at the age of five years and nine months. Then tragedy struck again with the death of George's wife and the mother of the children, Wilhelmina, when she died August 18, 1878 aged 37. This left the five remaining children as orphans, ranging from 15 years to three years old (3).

What did they do? Wilhelmina had remarried in May 1877 to Wilhelm Beischer (4). Did the children remain with him or was their another relative who looked after them? I cannot tell you. 

There are a some references to Emil in the newspapers - this first one from December 1883, when he was only 14 years old, tells us about his musical talent and his love of  performing and entertaining which he had all his life -

A performance was given in Weeroona Hall on 12th December, in aid of the Bendigo Hospital, by the Weeroona Dramatic Club. The hall was kindly lent by Mr. Beiseher, and was well

filled. Songs by H. Lethbridge, E. Schellenberger and F. Apted were rendered in good style. The farce "Bruised and Cured" by H. Lethbridge aud W. J. Gissing caused great laughter. The programme concluded with the side-splitting farce entitled " Grand-mudder's Ghost," which was well rendered by F. and E. Schellenberger, Gissing, and Apted, the audience being kept in roars of laughter until the curtain was drawn. (5).

In May 1884 a report of the monthly meeting of the Bendigo United Friendly Societies' Dispensary and Medical Institute noted that the executive committee of the Dispensary reported that they had appointed Mr. E. Schellenberger, on probation as apprentice and in February 1885 it was reported that the Pharmacy Board had registered his apprenticeship indentures (6).

The Bendigo Advertiser reported further on his career in June 1889 -
Pharmaceutical Examinations - We observe by the "Argus" that several Sandhurst students have been successful in passing their examinations before the Pharmacy Board of Victoria this month. Mr. J. W. B. Pedley has passed his final examination as pharmaceutical chemist; also Mr. F. W. Waller and Mr. Alex Rae Downes. Mr. Emil Schellenberger is one of six successful out of eleven candidates for the intermediate examination in materia medica and Botany. All these four gentlemen have been students at the School of Mines here, and three of them, viz.: Messrs. Pedley, Schellenberger and Downes were pupils attending the lectures of Mr Lillie Mackay, director of the school. Mr. Waller studied under Mr. E. L. Marks.(7). 

By 1891, Emil had completed his studies and was leasing 128 Clarendon Street, South Melbourne, where he operated a Chemist Shop. He was involved in many local organisations in South Melbourne, including the Australian Natives Association, a committee member of the South Melbourne Cricket Club,  President of the South Melbourne Cricket Club Skittle Club and as his obituary in the Emerald Hill Record noted - During the 'nineties he was treasurer of the South Melbourne Football Club and was instrumental in persuading Mr. Bert Howson to join up with the Red and Whites (8).  Bert was a champion wingman for South Melbourne over 17 seasons which comprised the club's last six in the VFA, and its first 11 in the VFL. He was supremely unfortunate in that he began his senior career the year after South's last VFA flag, and ended it the season before the club's first premiership in the VFL. However, he made amends to some extent when, after being appointed non-playing coach of the red and whites in 1918, he led them to a flag at the first time of asking. (9).  

As a Chemist, Emil was very pro-active and advertised on a regular basis in the local papers and in return they gave him favourable editorial space, such as this -

An Enterprising Chemist - We desire to call our readers' attention to the fact that Mr. E. H. Schellenberger has obtained the local agency for the celebrated Chamberlain Medicines, which are manufactured by the Chamberlain Medicine Co., Des Moines, Iowa, U.S.A.. This company is one of the oldest and most reliable in America, and come highly recommended to the people of South Melbourne, and to make their remedies a household article through this district they have made an advertising contract which will appear in the columns of this paper during the next year. The line of remedies they manufacture is of a class that should be found in every home, since they are for the most common ailments such as every family have use for some time during the year. (10).

One of Emil's advertisements

Emerald Hill Record April 15, 1899 https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/108490259

However not content to being just an enterprising chemist, in 1897, the Emerald Hill Record advised its readers that -

The attention of the public is directed to an advertisement by Mr. Emil Schellenberger, the well-known chemist, of Clarendon-Street, who having undergone a training at the Dental College of Victoria, has commenced practice as a surgical and mechanical dentist in all the branches of the profession. (11).

Emil's advertisement for his Dental practice

Emerald Hill Record April 21, 1900 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article108492093

On August 1, 1899 at his home 50 Howe Crescent, South Melbourne, 30 year-old Emil married 22 year-old Ethel Jane Whylie McCann. The minister was the Reverend Canon Dickinson. Ethel had been born in Stawell and was the daughter of Thomas Johnston  and Elizabeth (nee Gendall) McCann (12). One of the witnesses was Burley Peet, who was to marry  Emil's sister Henrietta, on August 23 the same year (13). 

On May 11, 1900 Ethel gave birth to their daughter, Minnie Ethel, at Howe Crescent.  Sadly Minnie passed away on January 10, 1904 at the age of three years, eight months. She was to be their only child (14).  By this time, due to the renumbering of South Melbourne streets which took place sometime between 1900 and 1905,  the business and their residence was now 224 Clarendon Street (15). 

Death notice for little Minnie, who died at 224 Clarendon Street.

The Argus January 11, 1904    https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/10592045

Emil was, as we know, a talented musician and performer and there are many reports of his singing engagements as well as some of the social functions he attended with Ethel. Emil sang at a Pleasant Sunday Afternoon, organised by the local committee in aid of the s.s. Federal disaster fund; at an Independent Order of Foresters concert and at a Euchre party held the Albert Park Bowling Club. (16). In July 1905, the couple were guests at the Mayoral Ball, held at the South Melbourne Town Hall; Ethel wore ivory duchesse satin, relieved with chiffon. In the July of the next year, they were invited to a Mayoral 'At Home', also held at the Town Hall. This time Ethel wore cream merv, chiffon bertha, scarlet flower - merv being a silk material and bertha being a deep falling collar attached to a low-necked dress. (17). 

In 1907, Emil established a factory for the manufactory for rubber goods located on the corner of Meaden and Douglas streets and he still had that business in 1915. A year later in 1908 the couple left for Europe for an extended holiday - the dentistry practice was taken over an Alfred Deakin and the rubber goods factory was managed by J. E. McCann - Ethel's brother (18). The couple returned to South Melbourne at some time, they were certainly back by 1911, as there are references in the paper to Ethel's involvements in the South Melbourne Cricket Club Ladies Bowling Club (19). 

In February 1913,  Emil and Ethel travelled overseas again, as The Herald reported  - Mr E. H. Schellenberger... has decided to follow a musical career. He will leave by the Afric, and will go to Germany to pursue his studies on the 'cello. For three years Mr Schellenberger was a member of Mr Marshall Hall's orchestra.  George William Louis Marshall-Hall (1862-1915) was the Professor of Music at Melbourne University and conducted his orchestra from 1892 until 1912. (20). 

I don't know how long they were overseas for, but they are listed in the 1917 Electoral Rolls at Mitford Street in Elwood. There is one change though - presumably due to anti-German feeling the couple are now  known as Emile Henry and Ethel Shelley. From 1918 until sometime in 1922, the Shelley's were in Yea, where he operated a Chemist shop.  Not surprisingly, Emile was involved in musical performances at Yea on occasions - at a farewell to the Reverend Falconer, of St Luke's Church of England, a violin and 'cello duet by Messrs Taylor and Shelley was well rendered and well received and at a Peace Ball held in October 1919 - The Yea Orchestra, consisting of violin (Mr R. Taylor), 'cello (Mr E. H. Shelley), bass violin (Mr C. Sheppard), cornet (Mr A. Lonsdale), and piano (Miss J. Bett) provided excellent music for the twenty odd dances, which made the evening still more enjoyable.(21).

Emile Shelley's advertisement for his Yea Chemist shop

Yea Chronicle, December 23, 1920 https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/60451376

After their return from Yea, the couple are listed in the Electoral Roll at 11 Vautier Street in Elwood. Then they made another move to a country town, this time Bunyip. The Shire of Berwick Rate Books show that on June 17 1925, Emil took over the Chemist shop in the town and purchased a house. 

Emile and Ethel soon involved themselves in the community - Emile was a member of the Bunyip Progress Association, the Agricultural Society and the Cricket, Tennis and Football Clubs. Ethel was a committee member of the Australian Women's National League and an inaugural member of the Bunyip Country Women's Association (22). However, life in a country town had its downsides. The Dandenong Journal reported on the following letter Ethel Shelley wrote to the Berwick Shire in 1942 - 

“Are there any by-laws limiting the extent of farming in a residential area (George street).? wrote Mrs. E. Shelley, Bunyip to the Berwick Shire council last Friday. ‘I can honestly say I have not had a proper, night’s rest for some weeks,” she went on. Late at night and early morning, white leghorn roosters start crowing - as well as cows.”....Mrs. Shelley added that animals near a private house bring flies and mosquitoes - “and we have plenty, of both,” she wound up. Sadly for Ethel the Council responded that they had no by-law covering the matter.  (23)

In 1948 Ethel Shelley was photographed at Mrs Pye and Mrs  at the recently

opened Country Women's Association Club in Lansell Road, Toorak. The caption reads Mrs Pye and Mrs Shelley pause beside a fountain. Mrs Shelley, who is very fond of flowers, says the garden is a delight. She was one of the first members of the CWA in Bunyip, "The Club is wonderful - It fills a long-felt want," she tells Mrs Pye

The Herald, December 14, 1948 https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/243547502

Emile Shelley died on January 8, 1944 at the Warragul Hospital (24). The contents of his will were detailed in a letter his Trustees sent to the Berwick Shire Secretary -

“We beg to advise that the company is applying for probate of the will of Emile Henry Shelley, late of Bunyip, retired chemist, who died on the 8th. ult. Under the will, the whole of the estate, both real and personal, is devised and bequeathed upon trust for the widow, for life without impeachment of waste. On the death of the widow, the sum of £1000 is payable to the trustee for the time being of the Bunyip Mechanics’ Institute, and £1000 to the trustees of the Bunyip Agricultural Society.

The remainder of the estate is to be known as the Emile Henry Shelley Trust and is bequeathed upon trust as to capital and income to be administered by the trustee and expended as it in its absolute discretion shall decide for the beautification and advancement of the township of Bunyip, and the trustees may seek the advice of F. S. Dodge, J. A. Cock, G. B. Calderwood, all of Bunyip, or the survivor or survivors of them. From data prepared to date it would appear that the value of the trust will be in the vicinity of £7000, but it will be appreciated that this figure may vary by the time the trust is established."  (25).

It was a very generous donation to the town. When Ethel Shelley died at the age of 71, on June 3, 1950 at her home in George Street, Bunyip, Emile's bequests could then be enacted upon (26). It was reported that when the Hall received the magnificent bequest [it] automatically liquidated the hall overdraft, leaving a credit of £475. When the hall was re-built the late Mr. Shelley donated the portico at the main entrance. The original Hall  burnt down on March 14, 1940 and the new Hall, with Mr Shelley's portico, opened on October 8, 1942. (27).

Bunyip Hall, which opened October 1942. The portico was donated by Emile Shelley.

Image: Call of the Bunyip; History of Bunyip, Iona and Tonimbuk 1847-1990 by Denise Nest

Emile's plaque at the Bunyip Hall. 

I'll take a better photo of it one day,

There was a challenge to the Will as reported in The Argus in December 1952 -

The Full High Court today ruled that a man's bequest of £9,600 should be used for the "beautification and advancement" of Bunyip, Victoria. The man, Emile Henry Shelley, died in 1944. He bequeathed his estate to his widow in trust until her death. Shelley directed that when his wife died the money should be used for Bunyip's beautification and advancement. When Mrs. Shelley died in 1950, next of kin contested the will in the Supreme Court of Victoria. Judge Coppel held that the purpose of the will was "good and charitable." The next-of-kin's fight ended today, when the Full High Court upheld Judge Coppel's ruling. (28). Who was the next of kin who challenged the Will? More on this later. 

The Trustees of the Emile Henry Shelley Trust made a decision in 1957 that  the money should go towards a Hospital. The Shelley Memorial Hospital Society was established in 1960 and the Shelley Memorial Hospital at Bunyip was officially opened on March 19, 1966, a fitting tribute to a community minded man. In the first two years of operation, 100 babies were born at the Hospital. The Hospital closed on May 1, 1991, and the building is now part of Hillview Aged Care. (29). 

The Shelly Memorial Hospital, Bunyip.

Image: Call of the Bunyip; History of Bunyip, Iona and Tonimbuk 1847-1990 by Denise Nest

Emile was cremated at Springvale Crematorium and his ashes were interred with Minnie at the Melbourne General Cemetery, where Ethel was later buried. (30).  There was one mystery which temporarily perplexed me. Ethel's death notice (see below) listed her children as Lily, Charles, Mary and Edgar. And yet,  both death certificates list Minnie as their only child, and their marriage certificate states that neither were married before and had no previous children.  Lily, Charles, Mary and Edgar  are actually her siblings and Vi Barber is Ethel's niece, the daughter of her sister Mary (31).  It would be interesting to know who challenged Emile's will - he had two surviving siblings, Ferdinand and Herbert;  Ethel had the one surviving sibling, Edgar, did they feel they were entitled to the Estate or was it nieces and nephews on either side? I cannot tell you. 

Emile's death notice 

The Argus, January 10, 1944 https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/11802986

Ethel's death notice, which mistakenly lists her siblings as her children.

The Argus, June 5 1950 https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/22833353

The town of Bunyip would be grateful for the generosity of Emile and Ethel Shelley, as the during the 25 years the Hospital operated it provided employment for the local community, in a caring local hospital used for the treatment of illness, for operations and for the delivery of babies. 

Trove List - I have created a list of newspapers articles on Trove on the  Schellenberger / Shelley family. Access it here. 

Footnotes 

(1) A source on Ancestry.com - Geneanet Community Trees Index - lists George and Wilhemina's Birth and Marriage locations as Merxheim, Meisenheim-Birkenfeld, Rheinland Pfalz, Allemagne; George's arrival date in Bendigo Advertiser, February 23, 1876, see here. Their children were - George Frederick (1863 - died in Kalgoorlie, W.A in 1931); Friedrich (1864-1871); Albert Wilhelm (1866-1867); Ferdinand (1867 - died in Cheltenham, Vic, in 1955); Emile; Wilhemina Maria (1871-1877); Henrietta Margaratha (1873- died in Beechworth in 1931, married Burley Peet in 1899); Herbert Luie (1874 - died in Belmont, W.A. in 1952). 

(2) Old Bedigonians - Bendigo Advertiser, September 28 1870, see here.

(3) Victorian Indexes to Births, Deaths and Marriages; family notices in the newspaper, see my Trove list, here.

(4) Bendigo Advertiser, June 11, 1877, see here. In 1882, when he was 38 years old,  Wilhelm married 25 year old Henrietta Friswell and they had eight children together. 

(5) Bendigo Advertiser, December 17, 1883, see here.

(6) Bendigo Advertiser, May 24, 1884, see here; The Argus, February 13, 1885, see here.

(7) Bendigo Advertiser, June 15, 1889, see here.

(8) City of South Melbourne Rate Books on Ancestry.com; involvement with community groups - see references in my Trove list, here; Obituary - Emerald Hill Record, January 15 1944, see here.

(9) Bert Howson -  Entry by John Devaney on Australianfootball.com - here 

(10) Emerald Hill Record, April 15 1899, see here. 

(11) Emerald Hill Record, May 1, 1897, see here. 

(13) Information from marriage certificate. Thomas Johnston McCann (1845-1928) married Elizabeth Gendall (1848-1937) in 1870. They had six children - Lily (1871-1892); Mary Helena (1873-1948, married James Taylor in 1894 and they had  three daughters - Mary Helena, Elsie Elizabeth and Violet May. Mary and James divorced in 1914 and she married William Gardner in 1928); Ethel; Thomas Johnston (1879-1883); Charles Edmund (1883-1918); John Edgar (1887 - died in New South Wales in 1961)

(13) The Argus, September 20, 1899, see here.

(14) Birth certificate; death notice The Argus, January 11, 1904, see here. 

(15) Sands McDougall entries for 1900 and 1905. Emil's shop - same location, different number. 

Location of Emil's shop in Clarendon Street, 1900

Sands and McDougall Melbourne and Suburban Directory for 1900.

State Library of Victoria https://www.slv.vic.gov.au/search-discover/popular-digitised-collections

Location of Emil's shop in Clarendon Street, 1905

Sands and McDougall Melbourne and Suburban Directory for 1905

State Library of Victoria https://www.slv.vic.gov.au/search-discover/popular-digitised-collections

(16) Singing engagements - see references in my Trove list, here.

(17) Mayoral Ball, Emerald Hill Record, July 22, 1905, see here; Mayoral 'At Home' Emerald Hill Record, July 14, 1906, see here. Definitions of merv and bertha - Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd edition, 1964.

(18) Manufactory for rubber goods -  Emerald Hill Record, February 16, 1907, see here; Emerald Hill Record, February 22, 1908, see here; The Age, July 24, 1908, see here.

(19) Emerald Hill Record, September 16, 1911, see here.

(20) The Herald, February 12, 1913, see here;  George William Louis Marshall-Hall (1862-1915) - Australian Dictionary of Biography entry, here 

and https://library.unimelb.edu.au/collections/marshall-hall

(21) Electoral Rolls on Ancestry.com. Farewell to Reverend Falconer Yea Chronicle, July 17, 1919, see here; Yea Orchestra - Yea Chronicle, October 23, 1919, see here

(22) Nest, Denise The Call of the Bunyip: history of Bunyip, Iona & Tonimbuk, 1847-1990  (Bunyip History Committee, 1990), p. 195 and see also my Trove list, here, 

(23) Dandenong Journal, July 22, 1942, see here.

(24) Death certificate.

(25) Dandenong Journal, February 23, 1944, see here.

(26) Death certificate

(27) Dandenong Journal, November 8, 1950, see here;  Nest, Denise Bunyip Mechanics' Institute Hall 1906-2006: a place of learning and entertainment (published by the author, 2006) 

(28) The Argus, December 13, 1952, see here.

(29) Nest, Denise History of Shelley Memorial Hospital, A'Beckett Road, Bunyip 1930-1991 (Bunyip History Committe, 2000)

(30) Death certificates and https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/186234662/emile-hennch-shelley_(schellenberger)

(31) See footnote 13

The Inebriates Asylum at Beaconsfield

Between 1889 and 1892 there was an Asylum for Inebriates operating at Beaconsfield, and even though the Asylum was short lived, it gave its name to the surrounding area and even as late as 1925 a report in The Argus called the area Inebriates Hill (1).  The area is now known as Guys Hill.

The Inebriates Act of 1890, defined Inebriates as persons who habitually used alcoholic liquors and they could be committed to an Inebriate Asylum for detention and curative treatment for up to three months (2).  Around 1881, Dr Charles McCarthy had opened the first Melbourne Inebriate Retreat at Northcote and this was compulsorily taken over by the Government in 1890, though he was appointed the Medical Superintendent of the establishment (3). More of Charles McCarthy later. Previously inebriates were committed to the Lunatic Asylum. 

We can trace the early history of the Asylum through the Victoria Government Gazettes (4). On September 30, 1889 the Governor in Council ordered that the buildings and premises situate at Beaconsfield and hitherto known as Craik’s Boarding House shall be an Asylum for Inebriates.

The start of the Inebriates Asylum

Victoria Government Gazette, October 4 1889, p. 3320.  https://gazette.slv.vic.gov.au/images/1889/V/general/103.pdf

A week later, the  Government Gazette noted the appointment of the Superintendent of the  Asylum, Thomas Elmes and the Secretary, Charles Williams. Thomas Elmes was a Doctor with a practice at Berwick (5). Charles William was the Superintendent of the Belair Inebriates Retreat in Adelaide, upon which the Beaconsfield facility was modelled. Belair had opened in June 1877 (6). 

Appointment of the Superintendent and Secretary of the Beaconsfield Asylum.

Victoria Government Gazette, October 11 1889, p. 3377  https://gazette.slv.vic.gov.au/images/1889/V/general/107.pdf

On November 4, 1889 the Governor in Council ordered that The buildings and premises belonging to Mrs M.H.Blair, situate at Beaconsfield, and known as Walnut Grove, shall be an Asylum for Inebriates, to be used for the care and treatment of female patients only.

Facilities for female at Beaconsfield

Victoria Government Gazette, November 8, 1889, p.3834. https://gazette.slv.vic.gov.au/images/1889/V/general/118.pdf

The Victoria Government Gazette of December 20, 1899 (7) published the Regulations relating to the discipline and conduct to be observed by patients in asylums for inebriates. This covered such things as meal times - Breakfast at 8.00am, Dinner at 1.00pm and Tea sat 6.00pm; Bed-times - 10.00pm and to rise at 6.00am in the summer and 7.00am in the winter; there was to be no gambling and patients were not to receive any articles from visitors without permission of the superintendent. 

The same issue also published the Regulations for the Management, Supervision, Inspection , and Regulation of Asylums for Inebriates. The Regulations covered the amount of food allowed to each inmate; intoxicating liquor was banned; inmates were banned from having money or stamps and all letters were opened before being handed to inmates. Regulations also covered what to do if an inmate became insane (they were sent to a Lunatic Asylum) or died (a letter was sent to the local Coroner and to the ‘person who shall have made the last payment on account of such patient'). The Fees were also set out - £2 per week for patients on the ‘lower scale’ and £5 per week for those on the ‘higher scale.'

The daily rations for each inmate.

Victoria Government Gazette, December 20, 1899, p 4450-4451 https://gazette.slv.vic.gov.au/images/1889/V/general/135.pdf 

I found the following descriptions in the newspapers of the Asylum at Beaconsfield -
A report from July 1891 noted - There was only accommodation for 10 male and seven female inmates, and these were kept in buildings two miles apart from each other (8). From January 1892 - The [male] asylum consists of two blocks of wooden buildings a slight distance apart, one of which was on the land when it was leased by the Government; the other has been since erected (9).  A later report from July 1892, described the male complex - Government had purchased a large area of property and built a number of houses, as well as a caretaker's private residence of considerable dimensions (10).

There were two tragic stories connected to the Asylum. The first concerns Thomas Bissell, of South Melbourne,  who on Tuesday April 28, 1891 escaped through a window, wearing only a nightshirt, drawers and socks. The grounds and surrounding area were searched and there was a reported sighting on the Thursday morning. The Aboriginal trackers were called in and started work on Friday morning but could not pick up the trail (11). On the Saturday morning - 

about 60 horsemen and 30 or 40 people on foot assembled at the retreat. The horsemen were divided into parties under Constables Roberts and Falkiner, and Messrs. Fuller and Williams, who scoured the bush right through to Gembrook. The footmen, under Messrs. W. Paternoster and Gardiner, searched the Cardinia Creek for about four miles, dragging all the water holes, but when the daylight drew in the party had to give up without finding any trace (12).

Thomas Bissell missing

Victoria Government Gazette, May 15 1891, p.2021. https://gazette.slv.vic.gov.au/images/1891/V/general/65.pdf

On July 17 two young men were out shooting in the Gembrook Ranges, about 12 miles from the Asylum, and discovered a human skeleton at the bottom of a gully. The news was sent to Berwick, and Constable Roberts proceeded to the place indicated, where the remains were identified, by means of the little clothing on them, as those of Thomas Bissell, the escaped inebriate. They were conveyed to Berwick, and the usual course in such matters taken. It is satisfactory to know that the mystery surrounding the sad affair will be cleared up (13).

The second sad story concerns Francis Key, a cordial manufacturer of Seymour (14).  He was found in his room on January 3, 1892 having shot himself, the bullet having  entered the head at the chin, and blew the face and fore part of his head to atoms (15) as the local paper graphically reported. He had been living separately from his wife  and at the time of his admission he was suffering from alcoholism and was in a weak state. Under medical treatment, however, he rapidly improved, and appeared cheerful and contented until a few days before his death, when he expressed a wish to obtain his release (16).

Another report notes that -
On the 30th ult. his wife visited him at the asylum, when she noticed that he had a gun in his bedroom, and on her return home the following day she wrote to Mr. Williams, the secretary of the Asylum, cautioning him, "On no consideration to allow her husband to have firearms in his possession, as he was very cunning and had suicidal tendency." The letter was received by the secretary on the 2nd inst., but beyond submitting it to the visiting medical superintendent, no action was taken with regard to it, and on the following morning the deceased shot himself. Two letters the deceased had written to his wife, but had not posted, showed that the act was premeditated. (17).

It may seem extraordinary that inmates at an Inebriates Asylum should have access to guns but as The Age reported, Mr Key had obtained the gun -

from Seymour about a fortnight previously for the purpose of joining the other patients in shooting parties, which occasionally take place under the charge of the secretary, Mr. C. Williams, who resides on the premises. Although patients on their entry into the asylum are deprived for a time of any instrument with which they could injure themselves as soon as they have quite recovered from the effects of alcohol they are treated like residents of an ordinary country boarding house, the only difference being that they are not allowed to leave the asylum grounds except in charge of an attendant. To relieve the monotony of detention, shooting, fishing, &c., are occasionally indulged in, and this accounts for the presence of a gun in the room of the deceased. (18).

The Jury at the Inquest found  -

"That the deceased, Francis Key, came to his death through a gunshot wound, inflicted by himself, during a fit of alcoholic mania," and added a rider, " That we also think sufficient precaution was not exercised by the officials, after the letter of warning from deceased's wife, received on the day before his death, intimating his tendency to commit suicide." (19)

Both Beaconsfield and Northcote were closed in 1892. Dr Charles McCarthy, who established the Northcote Facility as a private concern in 1881, wrote to The Age in July 1892 on this subject, accusing the Government of having ulterior motives and being financially extravagant -

Sir, — I saw from The Age that the Government intends to shut up the Northcote Inebriates Retreat, as well as that at Beaconsfield, on the 30th September, for three reasons, viz. : — 1st. that there is no demand, on account of the smallness of the number of patients ; 2nd, the expensiveness of the staffs ; 3rd, that the matter had better be left to private establishments. Sir, I have supplied every member of Parliament with printed matter, proving that there is not the slightest foundation for the above three pleas being the cause of this determination. First, in May, 1890, when I had male and female patients, I got the option from the Government either to be removed from the Retreat or to accept office under the Government for one year, and with the condition that I should discharge all my patients and admit none but " female paupers." For 18 years not three female paupers applied in any one year. This showed me at once that it was intended to shut up the Retreat. As such, therefore, I had only from one to four patients, with 16 bedrooms empty. During that year a very large number of pay patients, male and female, applied for admission, begging and urging me to receive them up to the day that I was leaving, and on that day also, but I was not permitted to do so. Yea, and up to last week here in Hawthorn. Second plea, of expense : For the previous 14 years the Retreat did not cost the Government 1s. When I saw that for one patient I had four servants, and when I complained to the head of my department that these servants were allowed by him to be out at night, his remedy for that was to promise to appoint two additional female servants, a clerk at £3 per week, who had nothing to do, with 18 books from Kew Asylum, some of them immense ledgers for lunatics. I protested against this extravagance in vain, I saw the object of it, namely, an excuse to shut it up. I begged to be allowed to receive the females from Beaconsfleld This would not be allowed till after my removal. 3rd. That the cure of inebriates had better be left to private institutions. The Lunacy Commission got the Parliament to pass an act forbidding private retreats, and making Northcote retreat a Government institution, and now, when the property has been secured to the Government, it is only private retreats that must be depended on! Very much was said about the poor by the commission. Though I offered the Government to admit the poor, but not as "paupers," this was repeatedly refused, hence it was never intended to have a permanent inebriate retreat, as the above proves. It was only intended to get my property, to prevent patients entering, and to make the expenditure appear disproportionate to the number of patients. Of this there is not a shadow of doubt. Under these circumstances I am entitled to compensation for my compulsory removal.

— Yours, &c., CHARLES M'CARTHY, M.D. 16th July. (20)

The closure of the Asylum at Beaconsfield was of concern to the local community. The Argus reported in July 1892 

- that during the past day or two residents of this locality have been much concerned as to the notion taken by the Government in closing the local inebriate asylum....[The Government] have decided to dispense with the services of the men numbering about twenty and abandon the place which has cost a great deal of money. It is the intention of the residents to send a deputation to the Government on the matter. Notices have been issued to the men that their services will not be required after the 30th September next and the residents are anxious that some definite settlement should be arrived at before that time (21).

However, they concerns of the Beaconsfield community fell on deaf ears and the Asylum was closed. On August 31, 1894, the empty building  caught fire as reported in South Bourke and Mornington Journal by the journalist using the pen name Todea Africana (22) - 

On Friday last an old land mark of Beaconsfield disappeared. I don't know how long Mrs Craik's old boarding house has been in existence. It was certainly flourishing when I first became acquainted with this famous health resort. Situate on the foothills, as it were, of these ranges and looking across the valley, the position was a very, pleasant and healthful one if not so picturesque nor commanding such a grand view as its successor on the Hills, Kincraik. 

As Upper Beaconsfield was growing more and more in favor, it was decided by the proprietor to build a more extensive establishment, and a site was chosen which is certainly second to none on the hills, near the post office. After remaining unoccupied for a period the old premises were let to the Government as an inebriate retreat, and under the efficient management of Mr Charles Williams, formerly of Adelaide. 

The report continues that after the Asylum was closed down  It was next occupied as a dairy farm, but in this character had a short lived existence, and latterly has been let to a lady who was sent to Beaconsfield for her health, as so many are, but alas, at too late a stage of her disease. Her death occurred but recently, and it was whilst the house was being cleaned out that the fire occurred. As in the case of all wooden buildings in the country, once the fire fiend had got a grip, he did not let go until the tenement was purified out of existence, and nothing but a heap of ashes and charcoal with a few dozen tortured and twisted shoots of iron corrugated with agony, remained to tell the tale. It was insured for £700 (23).

As I mentioned at the start of this post the last reference I can find to Inebriates Hill is this sad account of the death of Mr Jack McNaughton of Beaconsfield who was killed instantly in an accident on December 21,  1925 -

As a bullock team driven by Mr. Jack McNaughton, of Beaconsfield, was being driven down Inebriates' Hill, two miles from Beaconsfield, on the Upper Beaconsfield road, the team became out of control and bolted. McNaughton attempted for a time to regain control of the bullocks, which were harnessed to a heavy jinker. He was unsuccessful, and when the jinker passed over a rut he was thrown to the roadway.  One wheel of the jinker passed over his body, killing him instantly (24). 

Jack was 44 years old, the son of Archibald and Mary (nee McDonald) McNaughton, of Beaconsfield.

Trove list - I have created a list of articles connected to the Beaconsfield Inebriates Asylum on Trove, access it here.

Footnotes
(1) The Argus, December 22, 1925, see here. 
(2) Inebriates Act of 1890 https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/hist_act/ia1890113.pdf
(3) The Argus, February 10, 1881, see here; The Age, November 29, 1890, see here. Also Public Records Office of Victoria  https://prov.vic.gov.au/about-us/our-blog/inebriate-retreats
(4) https://gazette.slv.vic.gov.au/

(5) Thomas Elmes entry in Residents of Upper Beaconsfield by Marianne Rocke   https://www.upperbeaconsfieldhistory.org.au/g0/p163.htm#i4874 

(6) Charles William and Belair Inebriates  Asylum -  South Australian Register, June 8, 1877, see here; South Australian Advertiser, June 21, 1877, see here; The Argus, September 2, 1889, see here. Also see an account of the Belair Asylum https://freepages.rootsweb.com/~dicummings/genealogy/SA-InebriatesRetreat.htm

(7) Victoria Government Gazette, December 20, 1899, p 4450-4451, see here.  

(8) The Argus, July 1, 1891, see here.

(9) The Age, January 5, 1892, see here. 

(10) The Argus, July 6, 1892, see here. 

(11) Reports of Thomas Bissell - The Argus, May 4, 1891, see here; The Leader, May 9, 1891, see here; South Bourke and Mornington Journal, July 22, 1891, see here; 

(12) The Leader, May 9, 1891, see here

(13) South Bourke and Mornington Journal, July 22, 1891, see here

(14) Reports of Francis Key - The Age, January 5, 1892, see here; The Argus, January 6, 1892, see here; South Bourke and Mornington Journal, January 6, 1892, see here; Weekly Times, May 28, 1892, see here.

(15) South Bourke and Mornington Journal, January 6, 1892, see here

(16) Ibid

(17) Ibid

(18) The Age, January 5, 1892, see here

(19) South Bourke and Mornington Journal, January 6, 1892, see here

(20) The Age, July 26, 1892, see here. 

(21) South Bourke and Mornington Journal, September 5, 1894, see here. 

(22) Todea Africana / Thomas Cole Mackley  see  Residents of Upper Beaconsfield by Marianne Rocke https://upperbeaconsfieldhistory.au/g0/p234.htm#i7000 and https://upperbeaconsfieldhistory.au/g0/p46.htm#i1360

(23) South Bourke and Mornington Journal, September 5 1894, see here. 

(24) The Argus, December 22, 1925, see here.

A version of this post, which I first wrote and researched in 2010, appears on my work blog, Casey Cardinia Links to our Past. This is an updated and expanded version.