Saturday, July 23, 2022

World War One Soldiers with a connection to Officer

The Officer Public Hall has an Honour Board from the First World War. It was unveiled on Saturday, November 16 1918, in front of a large gathering of residents, according to a report in the Pakenham Gazette. The report notes Like most districts in Victoria, Officer has done its share in providing men who were willing to go overseas to fight for the British flag, and to maintain that liberty and freedom so dear to every Britisher.....The Honor Roll, which was given by Mrs Brunt, sen., is of tasteful design and is constructed of Australian blackwood, on which the names have been painted in gold lettering. You can read the full report in the Pakenham Gazette of November 22, 1918, here. A supplementary report with some updated details,  was published in the next edition of the Pakenham Gazette, here. There are 40 names on the Honour Board and ten of the men were killed whilst serving.


Officer Honour Board at the Public Hall

There is another memorial to soldiers in Officer and that is the War Memorial Gates at the Recreation Reserve. They were unveiled on November 11, 1951 (Armistice Day) in front a crowd between 300 to 400 people. This event was reported in the Pakenham Gazette of November 16, 1951. The plaques record the names of ten local men who died in the First World War and five who died in the Second World War. 

What follows is a list of the First World War soldiers on the Honour Roll and Memorial gates, plus  some others with an Officer connection, their fate (i.e. when they Returned to Australia after active service or when they were Killed in Action) and their Service Number (SN) so you can look up their full service record on the National Archives website (www.naa.gov.au).

The book Officer Primary School, No. 2742 Centenary 1886 - 1986 written by Eileen Williams was very useful in helping to identify the soldiers and is referred to as the Officer Primary School book. 

Beadel, Percival Thomas (SN 820)  Percival enlisted on March 29, 1915 at the age of 19. He was a labourer and his next of kin was his mother, Mary Beadel  (later Maybury), of Officer. Percival Died of Wounds on January 17, 1917 - he had suffered multiple gun shot wounds to the abdomen and thigh. Percy is also listed on the Officer Recreation Reserve Memorial Gates. Percy is the cousin of Albert Moss, listed below.


Report of the death of Percival Beadel

Bell, Thomas Stanley (SN 3773) Thomas was a 23 year old labourer when he enlisted on August 12, 1915. His next of kin was his mother, Mary Ann Bell, whose address was St Germains, Clyde. A notation on his file said that his father was 'not recognized'. Thomas Returned to Australia October 18, 1917 and was discharged on medical grounds in January 1918 - Gun shot wound to the thorax. Thomas was also honoured at Cardinia in 1917 when a memorial grove of trees was planted at the Cardinia State School. You can read about this, here.  He is also listed on the Cranbourne Presbyterian Honour Board, see here

Boase, Arthur Leslie (SN 7213) Arthur enlisted on August 2, 1915 at the age of 26 and his next of kin was his mother, Mrs H. Jolly of Garfield.  He was discharged on September 16, 1915 due to suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis. He re-enlisted in July 1916 for ‘home’ not active service, but was discharged again on November 7, 1916. Obviously he was very persistent as he enlisted for the third time on November 10, 1916. He was sent to England but Returned to Australia on September 27, 1917 and was discharged as medically unfit on February 1, 1918 as he suffered from bronchitis.  At the time of the second enlistment he was living in Officer and by the time of the third enlistment he was married to Linda and still living in Officer. Arthur is also listed on the Garfield State School Honour Roll, see here.

Brown, P   Cannot specifically find a P. Brown from Officer, although he is listed on the Honour Board.  There is a Percy Brown (SN 2111) from Beaconsfield Upper and a Percy Brown (SN 7211) from Pakenham, so possibly one of those. I cannot find  a Brown in the Electoral Roll at Officer nor is there a Brown listed in the list of pupils from Officer Primary School book, so Mr P. Brown is a bit of  a mystery at the moment

Bromley, John (SN 1171)
Bromley, Harold (SN 22094)
Bromley, Norman John (SN 20024)
John was 44 when he enlisted on May 4, 1917. He was a farrier and his enlistment papers said he had already served 394 days in the AIF, but had not served abroad. He was sent overseas but Returned to Australia March 16, 1918 suffering from bronchitis and pleurisy. John and his wife, Susan, were living at Officer when their two sons, Harold and Norman, enlisted. The boys both enlisted on June 28, 1915 - Harold was a 22 year old engine driver and Norman was a 19 year old farrier. Harold Returned to Australia June 21, 1919 and Norman in January 1920. Norman married Florence Louise Batchelor in England on August 27, 1919.

Brunt, Archibald Andrew (SN 101) Archibald enlisted January 11, 1915. He was a 21 year old farmer. Archie Returned to Australia December 18, 1918.
Brunt, Trevor William (SN 358) Trevor enlisted at the age of 24 on August 20, 1914. Lieutenant Brunt Returned to Australia March 5, 1919.
Archie and Trevor were the sons of William and Sarah (nee Buckland) Brunt. William was the son of Ralph and Mary Jane (nee Funston) Brunt of Gin Gin Bean, Officer.

Clements, John William Henry (SN 5995)  John was a 26 year old teacher at Officer State School when he enlisted on June 10, 1916. His next of kin was his father, Robert, of North Fitzroy. John Returned to Australia September 25, 1919.


Letter from the Education Department to John Clements giving him permission to enlist.
National Archives of Australia www.naa.gov.au
First Australian Imperial Force Personnel Dossiers, 1914-1920


Davies, Alan Cathcart.   Lieutenant Davies was 25 when he enlisted on July 8, 1915. Alan Died of Wounds on April 25, 1918. Alan is also listed on the Officer Recreation Reserve Memorial Gates.
Davies, Basil Rayner (SN 804). Basil enlisted on February 25, 1916 at the age of 24. He Returned to Australia April 5, 1919. He was awarded the Military Medal. Alan and Basil were farmers from Officer working for Mr J. D. Patterson of Jesmond Dene, Officer.  Their next of kin was their mother, Jessie, of Toorak.


Report of Alan Davies' death
South Bourke & Mornington Journal May 9, 1918  http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66193949

Drummond, A.     I don't know who this is, he is listed on the Honour Board.  I cannot find him in the Electoral Roll at Officer nor is he on the list of pupils from Officer Primary School. I thought he might be connected to the family, below, but I cannot trace an A. Drummond  with the parents listed below.

Drummond, Daniel George (SN 3082) Daniel enlisted on July 12, 1915 at the age of 27, he was a farmer and his next of kin was his mother, Margaret, of Officer. He married Annie Hopkirk in Scotland before he Returned to Australia April 13, 1919. Daniel was granted a Soldier Settlement farm, you can read his file, here. For some reason Daniel, is not on the Officer Honor Roll.
Drummond, Walter Neil (SN 2571) Walter enlisted at the age of 18 on June 28, 1915. He was a Blacksmith. His next of kin was listed as his father, William, of Officer. Walter Returned to Australia April 13, 1919. Walter is also listed on the Nar Nar Goon Honour Board, see here
Drummond, William John (SN 2902) William enlisted on January 31, 1916 at the age of 29. He was a baker and his next of kin was his father, William Peter Drummond of Harkaway. He Returned to Australia on September 5, 1919. William was also granted a Soldier Settlement farm, you can read his file here. I presume he is the J. Drummond listed on the Honor Board. 
Daniel, Walter and William are the sons of William and Margaret (nee Duncan) Drummond. Daniel was born in Mitta Mitta and William and Walter were born in the neighbouring town of Eskdale. I presume that William and Margaret moved from Officer to Harkaway in 1916. 

Gregson, Arthur Henry (SN 1552)  Arthur was born at Officer and he enlisted on October 6, 1914. He was a 30 year old bushman and his  next of kin was his father of Fitzroy. Arthur Returned to Australia October 17, 1916 and was discharged on medical grounds - DAH - Disordered action of the heart, a stress syndrome. [If you are looking for Arthur's Service Record on the National Archives of Australia website then they have his Service Number incorrectly listed as 1597]

Handley, C   I cannot find a C. Handley with an local connection (or a Hanley in case the name was spelt incorrectly), nor can I find a Handley who went to school at Officer or a Handley at Officer in the Electoral Roll - so another mystery, even though he is listed in the Honour Roll.

Harris, Claud Alfred (SN 12451)  Claud enlisted on February 2, 1916 at the age of 25. He was a mechanic. His next of kin was his mother, Rosetta Harris, of Edgevale, Beaconsfield Upper. Claud Returned to Australia February 5, 1920. His parents, Solomon and Rosetta Harris are in the Electoral Roll at Officer in 1909. Claud and  his sisters Isa, Lucy, Marian, Ethel and May are listed as starting as pupils at the Officer State School between 1890 and 1900.

Heggart, Edward John (SN 3858)  Edward enlisted on July 10, 1915 at the age of 22. His next of kin was H. Heggart - his father according to the Embarkation Rolls and his brother according to his enlistment paper. It was actually his brother Harry who was living at Officer at the time with his wife, Edith, according to the Electoral Rolls. Their parents were Thomas and Ellen Heggart.   Edward was Wounded in Action (gun shot wound right leg and left forearm) in November 1916 and Returned to Australia December 4, 1918.

Hulett, Charles Franklin 'Frank' (SN 5690) Frank was born in Officer and was 26 year old electrician - an unusual occupation for the time, he worked at the City Council electric light supply-  when he enlisted on March 23, 1916. His wife, Ivy,  was his next of kin and her address was Chelsea. Frank was Killed in Action in France on August 9, 1918. According to the death notice, Frank and Ivy had two children 'little Charlie and Ivy'.


Death notices for Frank Hulett

Hunter, A   Another mystery person listed on the Honour Board.  I cannot find a A. Hunter (or any Hunter for that matter) with an obvious local connection.

Johnson, Raymond James (SN 2013) Raymond was born at Officer but was living in Lilydale when he enlisted on March 16, 1917 at the age of 24. He was an Assistant Station Master. His next of kin was his father, James. Raymond Returned to Australia July 1, 1919.


William Johnston, killed in action November 12, 1916.
Image: Australian War Memorial

Johnston, William (SN 4740) Incorrectly listed as Johnstone on the Honour Board and the Memorial Gates at the Recreation Reserve. William, born at Bacchus Marsh, was 43 when he enlisted on February 1, 1916 and his next of kin was his wife, May, of Officer. William was Killed in Action in France on November 12, 1916. William is also listed on the Officer Recreation Reserve Memorial Gates.

Kenworthy, Lindsay (SN 1816) Lindsay was 19, an assistant salesman, when he enlisted on March 21, 1916. His next of kin was his father, Ben, of Officer. His Dad later changed his address to Mansfield House, Berwick. Lindsay was Wounded in Action in September 1917 - a gun shot wound to his right leg which was amputated.  He Returned to Australia December 13, 1918.


A report on the wounding of Lindsay Kenworthy - a great favorite and 
a smart, capable and good living lad.
Mildura Culivator, October 20, 1917 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article74806601


Lecky, James Alexander (SN 19922) James enlisted on February 25, 1916 at the age of 25. He died of 'wounds received in action' in France on November 14, 1918. The wound was a gun shot wound to the chest, which he sustained on October 25 1918.
Lecky, William Mervyn (SN 6612) William enlisted on June 15, 1915 aged 20. He was killed in Action in France on September 1, 1918.
James and William were the sons of James Lecky of Cardinia Park in Officer. James (1841 -1939) was a Cranbourne Shire Councillor from 1876 until 1905. Their grandfather, also James (1802 - 1884) had taken up the Gin Gin Bean Run (later named Cardinia Park) at Officer in 1846 and he was a member of the Cranbourne Road Board and the Cranbourne Shire from 1860 until 1881. Lecky Road in Officer/Pakenham is named for the family. The boys are also listed on the Cranbourne Presbyterian Church Honour Roll, see here;  the Officer Recreation Reserve Memorial Gates and are also listed on the Cardinia State School Honor Board and were honoured by a tree in the Memorial Grove planted at the School, see here

Lever, Harry (SN 2833)  Harry was 21 and a farmer from Officer, when he enlisted on October 31, 1916. His next of kin was his sister, Nellie, of South Yarra. Harry Returned to Australia August 27, 1919.

Maxwell, Henry Charles Kempson (SN 1923)  Henry enlisted on February 16, 1917 at the age of 26. He was a grazier. He Returned to Australia May 6, 1919. When Henry enlisted his next of kin was his wife Eileen Josephine Maxwell,  c/o G. Tavener, Kerang and Henry's address was Moondah Park, Longreach in Queensland. However on another page of his enlistment papers his address is Luckham, Officer.  Henry is listed in the Electoral Roll at Cardinia in 1914 with a Harriet Lucy Maxwell. Harriet was his mother, he married Eileen (nee Tavener) in 1917.

From Henry Maxwell's service record, showing his address at Officer.
National Archives of Australia www.naa.gov.au
First Australian Imperial Force Personnel Dossiers, 1914-1920

McMahon, John Peter Daniel Muldrick (SN 4151)   John and his siblings, Eileen, Leslie and Albert are listed in the Officer Primary School book. As the book calls him Jack, that's what we will call him. Jack enlisted on October 15, 1914 according to the Nominal Roll, October 15, 1915 according to the Embarkation roll or January 18, 1916 according to his date on his 'oath of enlistment' in his service record. Jack embarked March 7, 1916.  He was a 20 year old carpenter when he enlisted. Jack Returned to Australia September 25, 1919. His parents were John and Mary Ann (nee Muldrick). Mary Ann died in 1912, her death is registered at Berwick.

Moss, Albert (SN 6150) Albert was 18, a labourer, when he enlisted on August 27, 1915. His address was Officer, he was living with his aunt, Mary Maybury, but his next of kin was his father who lived in London. Mary Maybury is the mother of Percival Beadel, listed above. Albert married Kathleen  Abram on May 5, 1919 before he Returned to Australia July 26, 1919.

Nichols, A Not sure who this is - I cannot find an A. Nichols (or Nichol, Nicholls, Nicholl, Nicols, Nicol etc ) with a connection to Officer or neighbouring towns. Nor is there a Nichols listed in the Officer Primary School book or a likely candidate in the Electoral Rolls, so Mr Nichols, listed on the Honour Board, remains a mystery at the moment.

O'Brien, Henry James  (SN 3369) There is a Henry James O'Brien in the 1914 Electoral Roll at Officer, occupation Railway employee, so based on this information I decided that serviceman No. 3369 was 'our man' and this was confirmed by a letter in his file from his wife in February 1919 to Base Records, asking  where her husband was. Mrs H.J. O'Brien's address was Officer, Gippsland.  Henry enlisted on July 13, 1915, he was an Assistant Station Master, born in Kensington and his next of kin was his father, John, of Flemington. Henry Returned to Australia January 25, 1919, so he was on the boat when Mrs James wrote her letter.


Letter from Mrs O'Brien asking where her husband, Henry,  was.
National Archives of Australia www.naa.gov.au
First Australian Imperial Force Personnel Dossiers, 1914-1920
                           

Osborne, James Patrick (SN 2733) James was 36 when he enlisted on August 2, 1915. He was Killed in Action in France on August 19, 1916. James' next of kin was his mother, Bridget, of 'Lower Beaconsfield'  - I hadn't heard of Lower Beaconsfield before, I presume it was to distinguish the town on the railway line from Upper Beaconsfield and not  a location south of Beaconsfield,  but as it is next to Officer, I believe I have the right person. James is also listed on the Officer Recreation Reserve Memorial Gates.


Death notice of James Osborne
The Advocate, September 30, 1916 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article151841014


Peterson, Frederick Victor (SN 4056) Fred was an 18 year old driver when he enlisted on March 23, 1915. Fred Returned to Australia November 20, 1918.
Peterson, Oscar Frederick (SN 12407) Oscar was 43 when he enlisted on May 2, 1916. He had been born in Sweden, was a storekeeper and the father of Frederick. Oscar Returned to Australia March 25, 1919. Fred and Oscar's next of kin was their mother/wife Elizabeth, of the General Store, Officer. Oscar and Elizabeth are in the 1914 Electoral Roll at Officer and they obviously operated the General Store together. Their employee, Leonard Whittney, also enlisted in the War, see below.

Pryor, William Alfred Ernest (SN 26734) William was obviously known as Ernest, so that's what we will call him. The 1914 Electoral Roll had an Ernest and Mary Jane Pryor listed at Officer in 1914, so I knew what the Officer connection was, it just took  some time to find his service record under William.  Ern enlisted on January 3, 1916 at the age of 29. He had listed his next of kin as his daughter, Violet, but his brother Thomas of Warwick in Queensland was also listed because Violet was a child. Mary Jane had died August 14, 1915 and Violet was their only child. Violet was born in 1907, had enrolled at Officer State School in 1913 and her guardian was Mrs Ellen Wilding of Canterbury. Sadly, Ern was Killed in Action in France on April 8, 1917. Ern is also listed on the Officer Recreation Reserve Memorial Gates,  although his name is incorrectly listed as Prior.


Report of Ern Pryor's death
Pakenham Gazette May 18, 1917  http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article92155590

Rix, Henry James (SN 10918)  Henry, a farmer,  enlisted on July 19, 1915 at the age of 29. His next of kin was his father, Henry John Rix, of Fairview, Officer. Henry Returned to Australia May 25, 1919, but before he returned he married Mabel Hill in Liverpool, on May 8, 1919. They were both 35 years old at the time (which doesn't tally with his age at enlistment, but never mind) and he was listed as being a widower. Rix Road in Officer is named for the family.

Sackett, Edmond Herbert (SN 1138)  Edmond was a 19 year old farmer when he enlisted on June 20, 1915. His next of kin was his mother who lived in Kent in England. He worked on a farm at Officer, Luckham, the same property as Harry Maxwell, listed above.  Edmond was Killed in Action in France on October 8, 1918.

Edmond Sackett's Roll of Honour entry.

Skellett, Albert John Kempson (SN 997) As he is listed as K. Skellett, I presume he was called  Kempson (his mother's maiden name), so this is what we will call him. Kempson enlisted on February 24, 1915 at the age of 26. He was a farm manager and his next of kin was his mother, Mary, of Clunes. Kempson Died of Wounds on April 20, 1917, having being shot in the abdomen. What was the connection to Officer? I don't know, but he is the only Skellett on the Roll of Honour at the Australian War Memorial;  he was born in Picton in New South Wales and between 1914 and 1917 he is listed in the Electoral Rolls at Clunes, as a battery employee.  I am presuming he managed a farm in the area.  Kempson is also listed on the Officer Recreation Reserve Memorial Gates.

Waldon, H   There are two H. Waldons who enlisted - Harold Victor, a printer from New South Wales and who enlisted in N.S.W and Harry Mansfield a 21 year old horse driver, who was born in Western Australia and enlisted in W.A. Neither of them seem likely candidates to be on the Officer Honour board. There are also no H. Waldrons that I can find with an Officer connection, the Electoral Rolls were no help,  so this man is another mystery.

Were, Clive Wellington (SN 521) Clive enlisted on August 17, 1914  at the age of 25 and was Killed in Action at Gallipoli on April 25, 1915. His next of kin was his father, who lived in Hawksburn, in Melbourne and as we can see by his obituary, below, he had  a farm at Officer. Clive is also listed on the Officer Recreation Reserve Memorial Gates.


Clive Were's obituary

Whiteside, Thomas Clair (SN 2821) Known as Clair. Clair was born in California and his father was the Presbyterian Minister at Berwick.  Clair was  a 21 year old orchardist when he enlisted on July 17, 1915. He Returned to Australia December 4, 1918. The family lived on Whiteside Road at Officer or Beaconsfield Lower as it was sometimes listed in his service record. Thomas went back to the family farm after the War and was also a Shire of Berwick Councillor for ten years. Thomas' daughter, Elizabeth, has complied her father's letters and they were published as A Valley in France : World War I letters to his parents and sister while on Active Service from Egypt, France and Great Britain, 1915-1918. 

Whittney, Leonard James (SN 3935) Leonard enlisted on July 22, 1915 at the age of 35. His occupation was storekeeper. Leonard was born in Kapunda in South Australia and his next of kin was his father, who also lived in South Australia. Leonard Died of Wounds (compound fracture of the skull) on February 13, 1917. What was his connection to Officer? Leonard worked at the Peterson's store (see Fred and Oscar Peterson's entry above) and this is confirmed by a letter Elizabeth Peterson wrote to Army Records asking for an address for Leonard and she wrote inter alia he enlisted from our house in Officer.  Leonard  is also listed on the Officer Recreation Reserve Memorial Gates, although his name is incorrectly listed as Whitney.

Elizabeth Peterson's letter about an address for Leonard Whitney.
National Archives of Australia www.naa.gov.au
First Australian Imperial Force Personnel Dossiers, 1914-1920

Williams, Thomas Henry (SN 5776) Thomas was born at Officer, attended Clyde State School, and enlisted on February 14, 1916 at the age of 26. He was a farm labourer and his next of kin was his mother, Sarah Ridgway, of Clyde. Thomas died on April 18, 1917 when he was a Prisoner of War, held by the Germans.

Woods, Frederick  (SN 5773)  Frederick enlisted on March 14, 1916. He was  25 year old sawyer and his next of kin was his wife, Hazel. Fred was born at Officer. He Returned to Australia January 25, 1919.


A version of this post, which I wrote and researched, appears on my work blog, Casey Cardinia Commemorates: Our War Years

Friday, June 24, 2022

Columnar Basalt at Narre Warren North

Max Thomson, published this photograph of Columnar Basalt at Narre Warren North,  in his book Little Hills 1839-1977. Sadly, these impressive and interesting basalt columns have been destroyed, but I have found some information about them.

Columnar Basalt, north of A'Beckett Road, 1960
Image: Little Hills 1839-1977 compiled by Max Thomson


Information from Little Hills 1839-1977 compiled by Max Thomson on behalf of the State School No.1901 Centenary Committee (Narre Warren North State School Centenary Committee, 1977) pages 45 & 46.

Mr Thomson wrote this about the basalt columns -
On the north side of a'Beckett Road was once a fine example of columnar basalt. The late Mr Crsobie Morrison a well known field naturalist and also editor of "Wild Life and Outdoors' visited the area in 1943. An illustrated article appeared in the magazine later.

Mr Morrison wrote as follows: "On a peaceful dairy farm we found a hole in the hillside by a clump of gum trees and wild cherry, and a wall remaining in parts as true as any mason ever dressed a stone. At the end of the wall was a pillar - an absolutely regular six-sided pillar built in sections as any pillar might be: part of it still standing in its original position, but other sections which fitted accurately and were dressed to the same regular outline lay strewn about the floor of the depression"

"The remains of the wall were particularly striking. The rectangular stone which composed it were enormous; probably it would require half a dozen men to lift one of them. And instead of being laid horizontally, their greatest dimension was vertical. Between them was a mortar almost as hard as the rocks themselves. Whoever said that these were ancient ruins could scarcely be blamed for his conclusion. The similarity to human handiwork is most convincing."

"In spite of their convincing resemblance to the handiwork of man these relics, it seem are examples of Natures' craftsmanship. The rock of which they are composed was once molten lava pouring from some ancient volcano long extinct."

"Their form is sufficient evidence in itself that this was once a thick lava flow, which extended over Narre Warren North and away beyond Berwick."

"Then there is the puzzling 'mortar'. This does not seem to be a general feature of columnar basalt formations. In the case of these ruins it is probably due to the weathering and cementation over very long ages."

"The Sydenham Organ Pipes are a comparatively recent formation - they belong to the Newer Basalt series in Victoria, or Pleistocene age. The Narre Warren North example is Older Basalt, of the Lower Tertiary. Much more time has elapsed here to permit the washing of minerals into cracks between the columns, and the deposition of the minerals out of solution to form a secondary rock that serves as a 'mortar.' It is just what was needed to give the final touch of realism to the spectacular natural phenomenon."


Basalt columns at Bayview Quarry, 1954.
Image courtesy of Narre Warren & District Family History Group, Max Thomson collection.
Original caption: Columnar basalt at old Bayview quarry on the west slope of Bayview Hill 1954.


Information from Early days of Berwick and its surrounding districts - Beaconsfield, Upper Beaconsfield, Harkaway, Narre Warren and Narre Warren North, complied by Norman Beaumont, James Curran and R.H Hughes, 3rd edition (Rotary Club of Berwick, 1979) pages 101 & 102

The book Early Days of Berwick, first published in 1948, has this to say about the columnar basalt -
To geologists, and also of general interest, is the spectacular natural phenomenon which occurs in Cr. George Rae's property, of columnar basalt. This was the subject of a very interesting illustrated article on "Wild Life' magazine of June 1943 , by Mr Crosbie Morrison. "Dr A.V.G James, the recognised authority on the volcanic rock formations of Victoria, sets out that the rock of which this is composed was once molten lava pouring from some ancient volcano, long extinct. Volcanic lavas, on cooling, assume many different forms, and sometimes the flow of lava has remained intact and very thick. The evidence is that this was once a thick lava flow which extended over Narre Warren and away beyond Berwick. As it cooled it formed a solid crust above, beneath, and at the sides and ends of the mass. Solid rock being a poor conductor of heat, the interior cools slowly, once the initial crust has been formed. The outer crust, as it cools, tends to contract, but is not flexible. As it contracts, something has to give way, and the rock, being fine grained and homogeneous, the stresses are distributed evenly through it, so that when it finally gives way, the cracks occur at regular distances in every direction, the final result being, when all the rock is hardened and cooled, a series of hexagonal columns, not all vertical, but extending from the periphery of the molten mass and meeting at the centre."

The Narre Warren North example belongs to the older basalt series of formation in Victoria of the Lower Tertiary Age. The same formation occurs at the Giant's Causeway, Northern Ireland, the Tesselated Pavement and Organ Pipes of Southern Tasmania, and the Organ Pipes of Sydenham, Victoria - thus Narre Warren North has a formation of uncommon interest.

Information from Volcanoes: An Introduction to Systematic Geomorphology Volume 6 by Cliff Ollier (Australian National University, 1969) Available on-line at https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/115134/2/b1032284x.pdf

Image: Volcanoes: An Introduction to Systematic Geomorphology Volume 6 by Cliff Ollier 

The top photo is captioned 'Lava Flow at Narre Warren, Victoria, showing lower colonnade with vertical columns, a central entablature, with curved columns and an upper scoriaccous  zone without columns (A.A. Baker)  The photo at the bottom is The Giant's Causeway, Northern Ireland, as mentioned in the Early Days of Berwick book. 

This photo from Cliff Ollier's book referred to above is  the only other reference I could find regarding Columnar Basalt in the Narre Warren area. I don't believe these are the same columns as in the photo above - so there must have been more than one example of the phenomenon in the area. Do any still remain?

When were they destroyed?
Mr Thomson's book, published in 1977, says there was once a fine example of columnar basalt. The photo in his book is dated 1960, so the destruction date range would be sometime between 1960 and 1977. What of the example published in Mr Ollier's book in 1969? I don't know if they still exist, but I doubt it, or when they were destroyed.

A version of this post, which I wrote and researched and which I am quite fond of, first appeared in my work blog Casey Cardinia Links to our Past.

Sunday, June 19, 2022

Lady Talbot Milk Institute and George Hope's Model Dairy at Cranbourne

This is the story of the Lady Talbot Milk Institute and George Hope's Caulfield Model dairy, which suppled pure milk to the Institute. In 1912, George moved his operation to Mayfield at Cranbourne. The Hope family sold their property in 1949 to  Frederick Spottiswood who renamed it Nirvana Park. Fred had established the Nirvana Dairy on the corner of Waverley Road and Belgrave Road in Malvern East in the 1930s. 

On Monday, April 11 in 1927, Lady Stonehaven, the wife of the Governor General, Lord Stonehaven, visited the Caulfield Model Dairy Farm at Cranbourne. She was accompanied by Dr Vera Scantlebury (1), the Director of Infant Welfare and Sister Peck (2), Assistant Director of the Victorian Health Centres. The party was shown the milk production process by the proprietor, Mr George Hope. He explained the production process from milking, cooling, bottling and sealing to the final act of packing the milk in ice-lined cases for delivery to the railway station for distribution in Melbourne (3). 400 gallons (around 1800 litres) was produced daily at this dairy in the 1920s, principally for the Lady Talbot Milk Institute, which then distributed this special milk to around 1,600 babies (4).  The milk from George Hope's farm was regularly checked by laboratories at the University of Melbourne for contamination, the cows were checked Government veterinary officers to ensure they were free from tuberculosis and the farm employees also needed to have medical checks (5). These checks were done to ensure the milk was pure and safe for the babies

Early in the 1900s there was concern about the high infant mortality rate, and various schemes were introduced in order to improve the life of mothers and babies. Lillias Skene (6) a welfare worker and women’s activist, suggested the establishment of a safe milk supply and this led to the foundation of the Lady Talbot Milk Institute in 1908. The inaugural meeting was held on June 24, 1908 where the motion That an institute for the supply of safe clean milk to be called the Lady Talbot Milk Institute be established as a charitable institution in Melbourne was passed (7).  Lady Talbot was the wife of the Victorian Governor (8). Dr Jeffreys Wood (9), who moved the motion said that those medical men in particular who had had to work at the Children's Hospital, had felt the utter hopelessness of treating children as the result of drinking stale milk and sending them back home to drink the same milk. Absolutely fresh milk would do an immense amount of good for the poorer children of the state (10). The Children's Hospital also used Talbot Institute milk for the infants in their care (11)

The role of the Lady Talbot Milk Institute was to supply pure bottled milk to infants to reduce deaths caused by unsanitary milk. Before refrigeration and pasteurization, coupled with generally low standards of hygiene and germ control, unsanitary milk was a major cause of infant death and illness. Contaminated milk could cause tuberculosis, gastric upsets, diarrhoea and typhoid. The process of  pasteurisation was invented by Louis Pasteur in the 1860s, and it was being used in Victoria from the 1890s but did not become compulsory in Victoria until after the Second World War (12).  Interestingly, even in 1927 the milk from George Hope’s farm was not pasteurised, and its purity came from the stringent handling methods (13). 


Letter from George hope regarding pasteurisation of his milk

The Lady Talbot Milk Institute supplied milk, with an ice chest, to ‘deserving’ cases. Families had to apply through Infant Welfare Centres, the local council or be recommended by their doctor and the milk was subsidised by a combination of the local council, the State Government and Institute funds. In an Annual report around 1910 the City of Prahran noted  Splendid work has been done in this city through the agency of the Talbot Milk Institute, towards which the Council contributed £100. During the year 90 babies have received the special milk, the mothers in most cases paying the market price for it, viz., 2d. per pint, although the cost to the Institute is about 4½d. The nurses in charge of the district have taken considerable trouble to keep in touch with the babies receiving the milk, advising mothers in respect to the general treatment of young children, feed, nursing, etc. (14). 

The Argus reported in 1923 - The value of Talbot milk as an infant food is shown by figures, supplied by Dr Jeffreys Wood, who, in a report to the association, stated that of 386 babies housed on the milk during last summer only five died, while only nine suffered illness. The mortality rate for the Commonwealth is 53 deaths per thousand infants (15). The Lady Talbot Milk Institute was still in existence in 1940, but I have no information when it ceased operation. 

Who was George Hope? George had commenced his Model Dairy on 60 acres in Kooyong Road in Caulfield.  In 1909, his farm was the subject of an article in the Weekly Times which started with There is a property in the Melbourne metropolitan area which is fast becoming one of the show farms of Victoria. A report a year earlier described his new concrete silos which could conserve up to 400 tons of silage (16).  In 1912, George Hope purchased 592 acres (240 hectares) at Cranbourne and moved his Caulfield Model Farm to this new location. This land was the Mayfield pre-emptive right, originally owned by Alexander Cameron (17). George had been supplying milk to the Lady Talbot Milk Institute since 1908 and this continued at Cranbourne (18)

George was protective of his milk’s reputation and in November 1925 he went to court to seek an injunction to stop other dairies using the milk bottles with the Lady Talbot Milk Institute label and filling them with ordinary milk. A public advertisement, see below, appeared in The Argus of December 5, 1925 warning dairymen against the use of the specially labelled bottles. 


Warning to dairymen about using Lady Talbot branded bottles.

George Hope (1865-1941) had married Mary Elizabeth Robinson (1867-1948) in 1900 and they had four  children - Elizabeth (1901), George Robinson (1903), James Haworth (1906) and David Dickson  (1911). James died in 1916 at the age of ten and is buried in the same grave as his parents at Cranbourne Cemetery. Elizabeth married Noel Sumner Nash in November 1935, he was the first cousin of  Maie Casey, the wife of Lord Casey, engineer,  politician and Governor General of Australia from 1965-1969.  George married Edna Josephine Warburton in 1939 and the same year David married Thirza 'Jill' Cargill in New South Wales. Both George, David  and their  brother-in-law, Noel, served in World War Two - George and Noel in the Army and David in the Air Force (19).

In 1945, George and David held a clearing sale as they were giving up dairying - they had close to 380 head of cattle on offer, mainly Illawarra-Ayrshire cross and all guaranteed to be tuberculosis free (20). The property was then sold in 1949 to Fred Spottiswood, of Nirvana Park, Camms Road, in Cranbourne, where he operated a Illawarra cattle stud.  Mr Spottiswood was a Shire of Cranbourne Councillor from 1949 until 1955 and he was Shire President from 1951 to 1952. He was also on the Committee of the Cranbourne Turf Club and Chairman in 1951/52. Before he came to live full-time on his farm in Cranbourne in 1946, Mr Spottiswood operated the Nirvana Dairy (hence the name of his farm) on the corner of Waverley Road and Belgrave Road in Malvern East (21). An article in the Kiama Reporter of July 4, 1945 noted that Mr Spottiswood  who has achieved distinction for the extensive milk retailing business he has built  up in  Malvern and in a similar manner to the model business thus established, he aspired to the creation of  a model stud farm with the noted Australian Illawarra Shorthorns the breed to be utilised (22). 

I am not sure when Fred Spottiswood started the Nirvana Dairy, the earliest reference I can find to it is in November 1934 when the Dairy won a prize for the best 'four wheeled light delivery turnout'  in a parade of business vehicles held in Malvern (23). Nirvana Dairies opened  a new building on October 28, 1938. It was opened by the Minister of Agriculture, and the newspaper report said It must be a great comfort to mothers to know that milk is clean and pure," Mr. Hogan said. "To achieve cleanliness and purity it is necessary that dairies should be sanitary, with durable Interiors, ample space, arrangements for expeditious handling, and good lighting, ventilation, and drainage"  (24). 


An interesting new building was how Nirvana Dairy was described in Building magazine.
The building was the Dairy Bell Ice Cream building from the mid-1970s to 2015.
Image: Building: the magazine for the architect, builder, property owner and merchant 
Vol. 63 No. 378 (24 February, 1939), p. 63. (from Trove)


The Interior of the Milk Bar at the Nirvana dairy
Image: Building: the magazine for the architect, builder, property owner and merchant
Vol. 63 No. 378 (24 February, 1939), p. 63. (from Trove)

The opening of the Nirvana Dairy is a good example of the connection between rural and urban industries that was once obvious to most Australians and is now largely lost. It was the Minister for Agriculture opening the new dairy because it was recognised that rural industries, such as the dairy industry, needed secondary industries, such as Nirvana Dairy which produced milk products and ice cream and also had a milk bar and cafe. Small factories like the Nirvana Dairy, often had a house attached where the owner lived and they were part of the fabric of every suburb; unlike today where the industrial area in many towns is set well away from the residential area.

Fred Spottiswood sold the Nirvana Dairy in 1946 and the family, as we said before, moved to  Nirvana Park in Cranbourne (25). The 1945/46 Shire of Cranbourne Rate Books list about 60 acres in various parcels owned by Fred Spottiswood and also show that he leased land from the Crown and the Railways - the railway land was from the Railway line, north to Camms Road, with High Street/South Gippsland Highway being the western boundary and Narre Warren Cranbourne Road,  being the eastern boundary. In 1954, the Spottiswoods moved again, this time to a new house they had built on the site of the old Mayfield homestead. Spottiswood then renamed the property from Mayfield to Nirvana Park. (26).

Frederick David Spottiswood (1903-1992)  married widow, Vevers Lorna Hemsworth (nee Lasslett, 1915-1999)  in 1942. There were two sons from the marriage and Vevers had a daughter from her previous marriage. Fred and Vevers Spottiswood are listed in the Electoral Rolls in Cranbourne until 1968 and by 1972 they are in Frankston. They are both interred at the Bribie Island Memorial Garden in Queensland, his plaque describes him as always optimistic and her plaque describes her as stylish and witty (27). 

The lives of many babies were saved over the years due to women such as Lilias Skene advocating for a clean milk supply and dairy men like George Hope and Fred Spottiswood providing the pure milk and clean processing plants required for its distribution.


Acknowledgement - I first found out about Fred Spottiswood from a long term Cranbourne resident, the late Val Bourke, and she told me that his dairy was  a red brick building on Camms Road. Val also told me that the Spottsiwoods moved from the original farm in Camms Road to another property in Cameron Street, south of Sladen Street or Berwick-Cranbourne Road as that part of Sladen Street is now called  (about opposite the back entry of the old Cranbourne RSL) where they also had  a dairy. I used Val's information as the basis for the rest of the Spottiswood story. Val Bourke was such a lovely woman, and I still miss her.

Trove lists - I have created a list of articles on the Lady Talbot Milk Institute and George Hope's Model Dairy, access it here; and a list of articles on Nirvana Park and Fred Spottiswood, here.

Footnotes
(1) Vera Scantlebury Brown (1889-1946), read her Australian Dictionary of Biography entry, here.
(2) Muriel Peck (1882-1947), read her obituary in The Herald of May 21, 1947, here and a tribute to her in the Gippsland Times of June 5, 1947, here. Sister Peck was instrumental in the establishment of Baby Health Centres, I have written about this here. Sister Peck also visited many country towns on the Better Farming Train and gave valuable advice to many rural mothers. I have written about the Better Farming Train, here
(3) The Argus, April 12, 1927, see here.
(4) The Argus, October 22, 1923, see here.
(5) The Argus, April 12, 1927, see here.
(6) Lilias Skene (1867-1957), read her Australian Dictionary of Biography entry, here.
(7) The Argus, June 25, 1908, see here.
(8) Lady Talbot - The Institute was named for Lady Talbot, the wife of the Governor of Victoria, Sir Reginald Talbot. Lady Talbot, born Margaret Jane Stuart-Wortley in 1855, married Sir Reginald in 1877. Sir Reginald was Governor of Victoria from 1904 until 1908 and during this time Lady Talbot promoted many charitable ventures including the Talbot Colony for Epileptics, which later became the Royal Talbot Rehabilitation Centre. 
(9) Arthur Jeffreys Wood (1861-1937), read his obituary in The Herald, April 13, 1937, here.
(10) The Argus, June 25, 1908, see here.
(11)  Gardiner, Lyndsay Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne 1870 - 1970 (published by the Hospital in 1970), p. 57.
(12) There was a report in 1898 of David Mitchell (famous as the father of Nellie Melba) pasteurising his milk in The Age January 1, 1898, here; The Milk Pasteurisation Bill finally passed Victorian Parliament in December 1949, but still wasn't implemented a year later, see The Age January 8, 1951, here.
(13) The Argus, April 14, 1927, see here.
(14) Cooper, John Butler The history of Prahran from its first settlement to a City (Prahran Council, 1912) pp., 313-314
(15) The Argus, October 22, 1923, see here.
(16) Weekly Times, February 27 1909, see here; The Australasian, August 15, 1908, see here.
(17) Shire of Cranbourne Rate Books. In March 1851, Alexander Cameron (1815 - 1881) took up the lease of the Mayune Run and a few years later at the Government land sales he purchased 592 acres, the Mayfield Pre-emptive Right, on the corner of what is now Cameron Street and the South Gippsland Highway. The Cranbourne Road Board was proclaimed in June 1860 and Cameron was elected in 1863 and served until 1867. He was married to Margaret (nee Donaldson, 1822-1895) and they had seven children (The Good Country: Cranbourne Shire by Niel Gunson ( Cheshire, 1968)
(18) The Australasian, June 27, 1914, see here.
(19) Family information - Indexes to the Victorian Births, Deaths and Marriages; personal advertisements in the newspapers and WW2 Nominal Roll.  Noel Sumner Nash was the son of Albert and Mary Maud Nash, of Ballarto, Cranbourne. Maud was the daughter of  Theodotus Sumner and his wife Sarah (nee Peers). Her sister Annie was married to James Grice, who was the brother of Richard Grice, land owner in Berwick and Cranbourne, after whom Grice's Road is name. Another sister, Alice, married Charles Ryan, they were the parents of Lady Casey who owned Edrington at Berwick. In spite of being socially well connected it doesn't seem like it was  'happy families' all the time as there was a family dispute over Theodotus Sumner's will - you can read about this here.
(20) Dandenong Journal, December 5 1945, see here.
(21) Cranbourne Shire Rate books; The Good Country: Cranbourne Shire by Niel Gunson  (Cheshire, 1968); The Dandenong Journal, March 6, 1946, see here
(22) Kiama Reporter, July 10 1945, see here.
(23) The Argus, November 15, 1934, see here.
(24) The Argus, October 29, 1938, see here.
(25) The Dandenong Journal, March 6, 1946, see here
(26) The Dandenong Journal, November 10, 1954, see here.
(27) Indexes to the Victorian Births, Deaths and Marriages; personal advertisements in the newspapers and http://www.chapelhill.homeip.net/FamilyHistory/Photos/Bribie_Island_Memorial_Gardens/


This post is an updated, expanded and much improved version of two posts I wrote and researched on my work blog, Casey Cardinia Links to our Past. I wrote the Lady Talbot Milk Institute post in 2009 and the post on Nirvana Park in 2014.

Monday, June 13, 2022

Zenith Rubber Company P/L and Economic Rubber Works

The Zenith Rubber Company Pty Ltd was registered on June 1, 1912 with an authorised capital of £10,000, in shares of £1 each (1).The mill was located on the Yarra River, South Yarra, next to the Church Street Bridge.


Zenith Rubber Mills, March 8, 1914.
Cropped from image, below.


Zenith Rubber Mills, next to J.J. Savage, boat builders, Yarra River, South Yarra, 
taken March 8, 1914. The bridge is the Church Street Bridge.
Church St. Bridge, Richmond. Photographer G. G. M. State Library of Victoria Image H2002.198/5

The Company manufactured tyres for the ever increasing number of motor vehicles on the roads - in 1911 there were about 3,000 motor cars registered and by 1916 this had increased to 18,000 (2).


Zenith Rubber Co.,  advertisement - tyres were guaranteed for 4000 miles.

From 1916 the company was also advertising tyre repairs and retreading.


Zenith Rubber Co., advertisement. 

In January 1919, The Herald reported in an advertorial that Zenith Rubber had been taken over by Economic Rubber Works (3). The Victoria Government Gazette published on December 6 1919, that Zenith Rubber Company P/L was dissolved and struck off the Companies Register (4). Despite this, there were references to Zenith Rubber Mills in articles and 'situations vacant' advertisements, well into 1921. For example, in April 1921 the Rubber Works Mill in South Yarra, was broken into by three men. The Company was named in various newspaper reports as either the Zenith Rubber Works or the Economic Rubber Works. There was extensive reporting on this robbery as the men were all found guilty initially but one of them, Charles Everitt had his conviction overturned on appeal; he had  two more trails where the  jury could not reach a verdict and then a fourth trial held in July 1921, where he was found guilty (5).


Zenith Rubber Mills advertisement from 1920


Zenith Rubber Mills advertisement from 1920

Sometime in the early to mid 1920s, the Company moved the Mill from the site on the Yarra River to 45-47 Duke Street in Richmond. In June 1924,  they also changed their business address from Swanston Street to premises on the corner of Exhibition and Lonsdale Street, owing to the congestion of traffic on Swanston Street (6).

In September 1926 the Company was at the Royal Melbourne Show, as that year an even larger section than formerly, is devoted to the display of motor cars and accessories (7). As The Age reported -
A matter of great economic interest to motorists is that of reducing the running costs of the car. One big factor in cost is that of tyres. Knowing the necessity of reducing running costs and the big part tyres play in the upkeep of cars, the Economic Rubber Works decided to try and reduce the tyre bill. How far they have succeeded for the benefit of motorists the undermentioned figures will show. Having an extensive and up to date plant to use for experiments, they concentrated on the retreading department first, with gratifying results. Tyre casings as now constructed, viz., "cords," will stand retreading, and by the extra mileage the Economic Rubber Works can give for a nominal sum the tyre bill of a car is easily reduced by 50 per cent. This result has only been obtained by careful organising and the employment of expert workmen. The staff can handle up to 500 tyres a day. To enable Mr. Engelhardt, the head of this firm, to obtain this result, only the best of materials, of which large stocks are on hand, can be used. Rubber is bought in the overseas markets, and treated at the mills, in Duke-street, Richmond. The machinery for the most part was made in the engineering works on the premises (8).


Economic Rubber Works advertisement
The Argus, September 23 1924 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2038003

In May 1927 at the Melbourne Motor Show the Company demonstrated the 'Cush-ee' tubeless car tyre, invented by Mr A. Lagruta - 
Though not the first of this type, the Lagruta tubeless car tyre is a remarkable local invention, with novel claims for special attention from motorists. Exhibited at stand 51A at the show, under its trade name - the "Cush'ee" - the tyre consists of a specially designed cover, having sturdy walls and tread construction, integral with which is a central rubber core having alternate rectangular air spaces and blocks of solid rubber. The action of these blocks and air spaces gives the tyre its specially good qualities of resiliency and lag lite. A demonstration of the riding abilities and safety of the tyre will be given at the Economic Rubber Works, Duke street, Richmond, at 10.30 a.m. tomorrow, and intending visitors will be driven to the works in demonstration cars which will leave the company's city depot at the corner of Exhibition and Lonsdale streets at 10.15 a.m (9).

Who was involved with the Company?  A director listed in an article in 1913 was Herbert Oates Capes (10) but from around 1920 the name associated with the Zenith Rubber Mills / Economic Rubber Works was Charles Harold Engelhardt. He was clearly an entrepreneurial and innovative man in the tyre industry and had the business acumen and/or confidence to establish the largest self-contained treading plant in the Southern Hemisphere (11) We also know something of him because in the 1920s Engelhardt had a number of Court appearances. In March 1921 it was reported that Charles Harold Engelhardt, trading as the Zenith Rubber Works, of Chapel street, South Yarra, was charged with a breach of the War Precautions (Coal) Regulations, in having on February 14 used electric current for industrial purposes. He was fined £3 with £4/19/6 costs (12).

In December 1925, he was sentenced to two weeks in gaol for driving under the influence of liquor and offering the arresting policeman a bribe of  £20 to 'square it.' (13). In January 1927, he was charged again with being drunk while in charge of a motor car, as well as using offensive language. The charge of being drunk was dismissed but he was fined £5 for offensive language (14). In February 1928, at the age of 40, he was found guilty of offensive behaviour for throwing fire crackers in the street at a prayer meeting. It was reported at the time by the arresting police officer, that Engelhardt had been drinking. The conviction was quashed on appeal (15). 

In October 1929, The Herald reported on the formation of  a new company - Retreads Pty. Ltd., manufacturers of and dealers in rubber tyres and rubber goods, etc. Registered office,268 Exhibition Street, Melbourne. Capital, £2000 in £1 shares. Directors: Charles Harold Engelhardt and  Francis William Henry Mann (16).  A month later in November 1929, The Herald reported on another new company - Economic Rubber Works Pty. Ltd. - Regd. office, cr. Lonsdale and Exhibition Streets, Melbourne.- Capital. £10,000 in £1 shares. Directors: Charles Harold Engelhardt and Francis William Henry Mann (17) This is interesting as supposedly Economic Rubber Works was already in existence at the same location and had taken over Zenith Rubber Company in 1919;  in fact the first mention I can find of the company is June 1917 (18).  It appears thus that the original Economic Rubber Works was split into two new companies in 1929.

Charles Engelhardt was back in the news and in Court again in 1931 where he disputed the legitimacy of his mother's will.  Catherine Engelhardt had died July 5, 1931 and left an estate of £17,500. The judge found that indeed her will was illegitimate and the signatures of the two witnesses were forged, in fact were not only forged, but that the witnesses did not exist at all. The judge found that Mrs Engelhardt herself had signed as witnesses under fictitious names  to keep secret the fact that she had made another will (19). 

This wasn't the last we heard of Mrs Engelhardt and her legacy of litigation, as The Herald called it (20).  Around March 1932, Economic Rubber Works went into liquidation and there was a dispute between the receivers of the Company and the Trustees of Mrs Engelhardt's will as before she died, she sold certain land, buildings and machinery in Lord Street, Richmond, to the Economic Rubber Works Pty. Ltd. for £4000. It was agreed that £1000 should represent the value of the land, and £3000 the value of the buildings and machinery. The Judge ruled that the liquidator could not remove any fixtures from the property until the whole of the purchase price had been paid (21). 

On May 4, 1933 Mrs Englehardt's executors auctioned the Economic Rubber Works premises at 45-47 Duke Street, Richmond as well as the plant and equipment. The advertisement is below.


Auction of Economic Rubber Works property and plant and equipment.

The only references to the Economic Rubber Works after this is that in 1934 and 1935, Fred Abrahams, the manager of the Strand Tyre Company advertised his 20 years experience in the tyre trade and that he was late of  Economic Rubber Works. 


Strand Tyres' manager Fred Abraham had 20 years experience in the tyre trade 
at Economic Rubber Works.

Charles Harold Engelhardt, had been born in Albury on May 6, 1889, the only child of  Charles and Catherine (nee Cavanagh) Engelhardt. In the 1910s they operated the Club Hotel in Ringwood. When Charles senior died on June 21, 1925 they had the Metropolitan Hotel, corner William and Little Lonsdale Street. At the time of her death on July 5, 1931, Catherine was the licensee of the Hotel Astor, corner of Lygon and Elgin Streets in Carlton. Charles junior, I believe, married  Irene Quinn (nee Lee) in 1931, in 1936 they were listed in the Electoral Rolls in Sydney. Irene sadly died in July 1946, aged 50, at 3 Argyle Street, St Kilda, leaving a daughter Maree and a grandson Geoffrey.  I can't trace Charles with any certainty after that until his death in Castlemaine at the age of 88 in 1977 (22).

Trove list - I have created a list of items connected to the Zenith Rubber Company Economic Rubber Works and Charles Engelhardt, access it here.

Footnotes
(1) The Herald, June 15 1912, see here and Victoria Government Gazette December 10, 1919, see here.
(2) Registration figures - Punch, June 29, 1911 see here; The Age March 8, 1916, see here.
(3) The Herald, January 6, 1919, see here.
(4) Victoria Government Gazette December 10, 1919, see here.
(5) See my Trove list, here, for reports on the trials. 
(6) The Age, June 18, 1924, see here.
(7) The Age, September 20, 1926, see here.
(8) The Age, September 20, 1926, see here.
(9) The Herald, May 16, 1927, see here.
(10) The Herald, March 5, 1913, see here. Herbert Oates Capes, an Accountant,  died December 17, 1953 aged 95 in Kew
(11) The Age June 21, 1926, see here
(12) The Argus, March 26, 1921, see here.
(13) The Argus, December 22, 1925, see here.
(14) The Argus, January 20, 1927, see here.
(15) The Argus, February 13, 1928, see here; The Age April 24, 1928, see here.
(16) The Herald, October 24, 1929, see here.
(17) The Herald, November 25, 1929, see here. Francis William Henry Mann was the director of various companies including the Medical Electro Therapeutic Institute P/L registered in 1926; Gates Rubber Co P/L registered in 1931 and Amalgamated Rubber (Aust) P/L registered in 1938.
(18) The Age, June 5, 1917, see here.
(19) The Argus, November 5, 1931, see here; The Herald, November 10, 1931, see here.
(20) The Herald, March 7, 1932, see here.
(21) The Herald, March 7, 1932, see here.
(22) Family information - Personal notices in the newspapers; Electoral Rolls and the Indexes to the Victorian and NSW Birth, Deaths and Marriages.