Identical Post Offices - Berwick, Murtoa and Donald

The Berwick Post and Telegraph Office and Court House was opened in 1885. It was designed by Public Works Department architect, John Thomas Kelleher. Victoria had two other Post Offices of near identical design to Berwick, one at Murtoa, which opened in 1882 and the other at Donald, which opened in 1884 (1).  The Berwick Post Office is as described as predominatly neo-Gothic, with Venetian influence in the pointed windows, loggia and polychrome brickwork. Red-brown brick with white tuck pointing is decorated with cream brick courses at impost level and red and cream bricks in the Lombardic arch heads at the windows (2).

The Berwick Post Office.

Image: Berwick Nostalgia: a pictorial history of Berwick

(Berwick Pakenham Historical Society, 2001)

I cannot find the exact date that the Post Office complex at Berwick opened, but it was late in 1885, because an advertisement (see below) for a tender for furniture and fittings for the building was published in early October, 1885. You will notice that the Commissioner of Public Works at the time was Alfred Deakin, Australia's second Prime Minister who served from September 1903 until April 1904 and later served for two more terms (3). 

Tender for the fit-out of the Berwick Post Office complex, signed by Alfred Deakin

South Bourke & Mornington Journal October 7, 1885

https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/70391028

The Architect, John Thomas Kelleher, was born in Sydney in 1844 to Jeremiah and Mary Kelleher (4).  The family moved to Melbourne in 1848 and they lived in Elizabeth Street, opposite where the old General Post Office is located. He spent his entire career in the Public Works Department of Victoria and reached the position of the Eastern District Architect (5).  His other works include the Fitzroy Post Office, the Benalla Post Office and the Traralgon Post Office and Court House (6).  John was forced to retire on a pension in April 1894. These forced retirements were usually due to the fact that the officers of the Public Service had reached the compulsory retirement age of 60, even though John was only 50, and it appears that his retirement was due to the retrenchment and reorganisation scheme of the Public Works Department (7). 

John had married Florence Athole Todd (nee Edwards) on December 5, 1889. She was a 26 year old widow and he was 45 years old (8). They had one daughter, Kareen, in 1900. The family lived at Athole in Poplar Grove, Murumbeena (9). Kareen married William Norman Fysh in 1923, the year after her mother died. John died in 1928. The Electoral Rolls show that Kareen and William lived in Poplar Grove, until at least 1980 (10). Kareen was fortunate the house was still standing as in 1907 Poplar Grove was the location of a sensational incident, which was reported in The Age of November 28, 1907.

The Age November 28, 1907 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article204996746

SEVERE THUNDERSTORM
SENSATIONAL INCIDENT AT MURRUMBEENA.
HOUSE STRUCK BY A THUNDER BOLT.
Several of the residents of Murrumbeena met with a thrilling experience during a remarkable electrical disturbance accompanying a thunder storm of great violence which burst over that suburb in the early hours of Tuesday morning. Mr. J. T. Kelleher, who resides not far front the Murrumbeena railway station, states that shortly after 5 a.m. he was awakened by a most awful din, accompanied by a confused feeling of being shaken up all over. His wife and little daughter, who were sleeping in the next room, rushed in to him, in a panic stricken condition. Immediately afterwards a little boy from the next house came running in stating that his mother wanted him (Mr. Kelleher) at once, as their house had been struck by lightning. On hurrying to the spot Mr, Kelleher found that the whole of the chimney stuck of a house occupied by Mrs. Pierson had been knocked clean over, from top to bottom. The falling bricks, which were scattered in all directions, had greatly damaged the roof and gutters. A quantity of the iron piping had also been fused, and some furniture and ornaments in one of the rooms had been knocked down and broken. Mrs. Pierson and the children were uninjured, but the former has suffered severely since from nervous shock. Mr. Kelleher said it was a matter of astonishment to him why the lightning had missed his chimneys fully 20 feet, higher, and picked out the smallest and most secluded house on the spot. 

Mr. George, a retired senior constable, who lives in an adjacent house, gives an interesting account of his experience during the storm which did the damage just described. He states that he was working in his garden, as was his custom about day break. when he saw a huge fire ball making straight for Mr. Kelleher's and Mrs. Pierson's houses, accompanied by the most awful clap of thunder. He confessed to being so terrified at the awesome sight that he bolted panic stricken into his own house. Hearing the noise of the thunder bolt striking Mrs. Pierson's house recalled him to his right senses, and he ran out in time to see the bricks of the chimney stack being scattered in all directions (11).

Berwick Post Office and Court House, opened 1885.

Berwick Post Office and Courthouse, November 19, 1967. Photographer: John T. Collins.

State Library of Victoria Image H90.100/1961

The Berwick Post Office was used until 1983, when a new facility in High Street was built and the Court House closed in 1990 (12). The buildings still exist and have a City of Casey Heritage overlay (13).  

The Murtoa Post Office, which was on Marma Street, has been demolished. The existing Post Office on the corner of Haby Lane and McDonald Street was built in 1959 (14).  The Donald Post Office is still there and is still in use. There are photos of the Murtoa and Donald buildings, below.

Murtoa Post Office and Court House, opened 1882.

Courthouse and Post Office Murtoa, 1883. State Library of Victoria Image H9027

Murtoa Post Office, c. 1920s.

State Library of Victoria Image H89.105/167

Donald Post Office and Court House, opened 1884.

Donald - Post Office and Courthouse, c. 1898. Photographer: Sands and McDougall.

State Library of Victoria Image H27288/3f

Donald Post Office, c. 1920s.

State Library of Victoria Image H89.105/75

Donald residents welcome home Private Hornsby and Private Moyle, soldiers from the Boer War, 1900.

Photographer: A E Petsche Studio. 

Museums Victoria https://collections.museumsvictoria.com.au/items/773995

I have also written about the Elwood and Pakenham/Pakenham East Post Offices, another set of identical buildings, see here. 

Footnotes
(1) Context P/L Heritage of the City of Berwick: identifying and caring for important places (City of Berwick, 1993), p. 322.
(2) Context P/L, op. cit. p. 323.
(3) Alfred Deakin, read his Australian Dictionary of Biography entry by R. Norris, here.
(4) John's parents were Jeremiah Barry Kelleher and Mary Winter (although his father is called John on John's marriage certificate). Jeremiah, whose mother's maiden name was Barry, died in 1905, aged 90. Mary died in 1857, her death notice is below.

The Age January 7, 1857 https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/154821552

(5) These details about John's life are from his obituary which is reproduced, below.

The Argus, September 8, 1928 https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3955661

(6) Context P/L., op. cit, p.232.
(7) The Age reported on his retirement on March 26, 1894 and the subsequent re-arrangment of the Architectural staff of the Public Works Department. The report also says that this will complete the retrenchment and reorganisation scheme of the Public Works Department. Four years ago the wages sheet of the professional branch amounted to £23,000 per annum, and it has been reduced to £11,000. Read The Age article, here. The retirements were even announced in the Adelaide papers, see below.

Adelaide Evening Journal, February 7, 1894. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/200767112

(8) This information is from their marriage certificate.
(9) The Poplar Grove address is from the Electoral Roll available on Ancestry. From 1903 until 1912, they lived at Poplar Street and then in 1913 this changed to Poplar Grove, Murrumbeena. The street is now part of Carnegie.
(10) Florence died March 27, 1922. She was the daughter of Richard James and Annie (nee Smith) Edwards. John died September 5, 1928, see death notice below.

The Argus September 7, 1928 https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3955144

There is a report of Kareen's wedding to William Norman Fysh, which took place at St Anthony's Church, Grange Road, Glenhuntly on February 10, 1923 in Table Talk, here. William came from Mile End Road, East Caulfield (now called Carnegie) about a five minute walk from Poplar Grove. Interestingly his parent's surname was spelt as Fish in the Electoral Roll and Kareen and William have their surname as Fish in the Electoral roll from 1924 until 1980 (the last year of the rolls on Ancestry) and they were at 18 Poplar Grove the entire time.
(11) The Age November 28, 1907, see here.
(12) The date of closure of the Post Office comes from the Context P/L report, page 322. The date of the closure of the Court comes from here https://researchdata.edu.au/children039s-court-registers/155646
(13) Read the Victorian Heritage Database citation, here.
(14) Information supplied by Wayne Degenhardt. Wayne is connected to Fred and Gustav Degenhardt, who are amongst the earliest European settlers in the Murtoa area.

A version of this post, which I wrote and researched, also appears on my work blog, Casey Cardinia Links to our past. 

Identical Post Offices - Pakenham East and Elwood

In this post we will look at two identical Post Offices, both of which opened in 1925 - Pakenham East and Elwood.

Pakenham East Post Office, 1920s

State Library of Victoria Image H89.105/186

This was the fourth Post Office in Pakenham, or Pakenham East as it was then called. The Back to Pakenham souvenir booklet from 1951 tell us that the post office for Pakenham was originally at the railway station. It moved to the site of what is now Mr J. Lia's butcher's shop , then to the site occupied by the cafe next to the picture theatre, and thence to the present site (1). The building was in Main Street, where the existing (the fifth) Post Office is today. The original Pakenham township was on the Princes Highway near Bourke's Hotel on the Toomuc Creek and the Pakenham East township developed around the railway station which opened in October 1877. There was much confusion between the towns, as this article  from 1912, below, tells us.

Confusion between the Pakenham and Pakenham East Post Offices

The Argus July 17, 1912 https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/10508789

Great confusion occurs in regard to the post offices here. The Pakenham Post-office is situated 1½ miles from the Pakenham railway station while the post-office at the railway end is called East Pakenham. Nearly the whole of the business people reside at East Pakenham. The shire buildings and public hall are also there. During one week over 600 letters addressed to Pakenham belonged to Pakenham East. The postmistress at the latter office has just been notified that £10 per annum is to be taken from her salary and given to the other office for the purpose of carrying the mail to and from the station (The Argus July 17, 1912)

It wasn't just the Post Offices which were rivals as in the early days there was keen rivalry between the 'old' and 'new' towns. Happily that feeling gradually faded away with the passing of the years, With the steady expansion of building along the Highway, Pakenham and Pakenham East are today to all intents and purposes the one town - geographically and in outlook (2). This was written in 1962 and the use of name of Pakenham East faded from the 1970s (3). The Post Office building was demolished in the 1990s (4). 

This photo from the 1980s shows the Post Office when it was called Pakenham, 

with the postcode 3810.

Image: Casey Cardinia Libraries.

The identical Post Office that was built at Pakenham East was, as we said, the fourth building there, but in Elwood, it was their first Post Office. The locals had been agitating for  a few years for a Post Office (5) and in 1923 land was purchased on the corner of Glenhuntly road and The Broadway, Elwood for the building (6). It is interesting that Elwood and Pakenham East both had the same Post Office because at the time Elwood had a much larger and growing population. In October 1923,  the Mayor of St Kilda, Cr Allen,  had spoken of the need for a Post Office in the area because  in nine years the population of Elwood had increased from 5,509 to 9,469, and the number of houses from 1,339 to 2,608....At present the nearest post-office to Elwood was more than a mile away, many residents had to pay porterage on their telegrams. It was estimated that at least 2,100 houses would be served by the proposed post-office (7).  Compare this to Pakenham East which had a population in 1921 of  324 people and Pakenham of 608. Even twelve years later in 1933, Pakenham East's population was 850 and the old town of Pakenham was 406, still many times less than Elwood's population (8).

The tenders for the  construction of the  Pakenham East and Elwood Post Offices were advertised in April 1925.

Tenders are invited for the erection of the Elwood and Pakenham East Post Offices. 

The Argus April 18, 1925 https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/2081894

The Elwood Post Office

Image: The History of St Kilda from its first settlement to a City and after, 1840 - 1930, v. 2 (9).

The contract for the Pakenham East Post Office was awarded to the builders, Cant & Bennett of Footscray on May 6, 1925 and it was to be completed by  August 26, 1925. The cost was £2,330. The Elwood Post Office tender was awarded to W. Simmins of Auburn on April 27, 1925, the completion date was September 14, 1925 and cost was £1,835. 

Contracts accepted for a number of projects including the Pakenham East and Elwood Post Offices.

Click on this link https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/232530228 to see the original document on Trove.

Commonwealth of Australia Gazette, June 4, 1925

There were issues with place names for Pakenham and Pakenham East, as even in 1912 people were addressing letters to Pakenham which should have been addressed to Pakenham East. Pakenham East people seemed to be content with their Pakenham address; though the erection of the Post Office in Elwood had the opposite effect, and was the source of some consternation.

The Age reported in November 1925 that  Residents of South St. Kilda are at present up in arms against the proposal of the Post Office to include portion of their district, from the Elwood Canal to Dickens-street, in the new postal district of Elwood. To consider the matter a meeting of nearly a hundred indignant South St. Kilda residents, lasting nearly two hours, hotly debated the proposal at the Congregational Hall, Mitford-street, St. Kilda. Cr. Dawkins, in moving a motion of protest, said Elwood was a name associated with a swamp, and no one wanted to live near a place where a swamp formerly existed.  The application of the name to portion of South St. Kilda would cause the value of property there to deteriorate in value (10). In the end the locals were allowed to continue using their South St Kilda address, but the mail came from the new Elwood Post Office (11).  The area is now called Elwood. The Elwood Post Office building is still standing and is used as a cafe.

Elwood Post Office, c. 1920s.

State Library of Victoria Image H89.105/84

I have also written about another set of identical Post Offices - Berwick, Donald and Murtoa, see here.

Trove list
I have created a short list on Trove of articles relating to the construction of the Pakenham East and Elwood Post Office. Access the list, here.

Footnotes
(1) Back to Pakenham March 3-10, 1951 Souvenir Booklet. The booklet was compiled by W.J. Stephenson on behalf of the 'Back to Pakenham' Committee.
(2) From Bullock Tracks to Bitumen: a brief history of the Shire of Berwick, p. 76-77. This book was published in 1962 by the Historical Society of Berwick Shire.
(3) Use of the name Pakenham East, these two examples of advertising from N. N. Webster, Pakenham Real Estate Agents, who had an office on Main Street tell the story of the use of the name Pakenham East in the 1970s. Source: Newspapers by Ancestry.

The Age March 14, 1970.

The Age February 15, 1975

(4) The Post Office was still there in November 1985 as the aerial below was taken then.

Aerial of Pakenham, 1985. The Post Office is circled.

Image: Casey Cardinia Libraries.

However, by the nineties the corporatised Post Office was in the business of leasing back Post Offices rather than building a community facility. The advertisement from September 1997, below,  tells us that the Post Office was now in 'Pakenham Post Office Arcade' which is on the site of the 1925 building, so it had been demolished by then.

The Age September 20, 1997

Source: Newspapers by Ancestry.

(5) The Herald, October 2, 1923, see here.
(6) The Herald, October 11, 1923, see here.
(7) Prahran Telegraph, October 19, 1923, see here.
(8) Pakenham and Pakenham East population figures from the Victorian Places website https://www.victorianplaces.com.au/pakenham
(9) Cooper, John Butler The History of St Kilda from its first settlement to a City and after, 1840 - 1930, v. 2 (City of St Kilda, 1931), photo is opposite page 116. Thank you to my fellow historian, Isaac Hermann, for supplying me with the photograph. I was looking through this book and I saw this photo of the Elwood Post Office and immediately recognised it as the twin of Pakenham East.
(10) The Age November 18, 1925, see here.
(11) The Prahran Telegraph, December 11, 1925, see here.

A version of this post, which I wrote and researched, also appears on my work blog, Casey Cardinia Links to our past. 

Where does Gippsland start?

I grew up in Cora Lynn and went to school at Pakenham Consolidated School and Koo Wee Rup High, so I consider I grew up in West Gippsland, which to my mind started a bit west of Pakenham and finished a bit east of Warragul, after that you get into the La Trobe Valley.  South Gippsland, on the other hand started around Loch or wherever the hills started after leaving the flat plains of the Koo Wee Rup Swamp and the Lang Lang area. Koo Wee Rup and Lang Lang were thus not part of Gippsland at all, according to my opinion, not sure where I thought they belonged, but I associate South Gippsland with steep hills. So I thought I would find some sources of information, with varying levels of authority, to tell us where the western boundary of Gippsland is. Incidentally, Gippsland was named in honour of Sir George Gipps, Governor of New South Wales from 1838 to 1846.

The book In the wake of the Pack Tracks: a history of the Shire of Berwick (1) says that Bowman's Hotel established in the early 1850s on the Cardinia Creek and the Gippsland Road, at what is now Beaconsfield, was also known as the Gippsland Hotel because Cardinia Creek was the border between the Port Phillip District and Gippsland. When the Bunyip River was later proclaimed the boundary the hotel name was changed (2). The Gippsland Hotel is now known as the Central Hotel. So this source puts the Gippsland Border at the Cardinia Creek and later the Bunyip River.  

Charles Daley, in his book The story of Gippsland (3) has this to say about the western boundary the boundary on the west was the Alps and a line drawn southward to Anderson's Inlet, in proximity to the Bunyip River. Approximately this last boundary would be the present county of Mornington as the limit westward (4). This definition means that the Koo Wee Rup Swamp area and the Bass Valley area would not be part of Gippsland.

  

County of Mornington, 1874.

Creator: F. E. Hiscocks & Co. State Library of Victoria http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/119519

Mr Daley has a chapter on the Gippsland Shires and Boroughs Development Association, formed in 1912 with the object of furthering the progress of Gippsland and Mornington County (5) and both the Berwick Shire and the Cranbourne Shire are members as are the Fern Tree Gully Shire and Dandenong Shire (both of which have part of their area in the County of Mornington). 

A map of the Murray and Gipps Land District, 1866.

State Library of Victoria   http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/120583

The map, above, shows the Murray and Gipps Land Districts and the western border of the Gippsland district is the partially the Bunyip River, and then south to Cape Patterson.  So it does seem that there is a consensus (amongst some)  that the Bunyip River is the western border.

Dandenong used to promote itself as the 'gateway to Gippsland.' The first mention I can find is in April 1919 when in a  report of a Government grant being given to the Shire of Dandenong and the Shire President, Cr Abbot, said it was to be spent in beautifying the 'gateway to Gippsland' (6) Does this mean then that the next Council the old Shire of Berwick, which started at the Dandenong Creek, was Gippsland? 

The Weekly Times featured a double page spread of photographs of Dandenong in their November 20, 1926 issue with this headline - Dandenong may be referred to as the Gateway to Gippsland.

http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article223842996

I have been doing a lot of research into soldiers in the local area and it is interesting to see who used Gippsland as an address. As you might  expect some soldiers from Beaconsfield, Officer, Pakenham and all stops down the railway line to Bunyip used their hometown plus Gippsland as part of their address as did men from Cora Lynn, Iona  and Koo Wee Rup. Less expected was the information that  Sydney Eversley Ferres (SN - Service Number 194) had his address as Emerald, Gippsland as did Thomas Walker (SN 872) whose address is Macclesfield, near Emerald, Gippsland.  Robert Hill (SN 1591) and Francis Joseph Seymour (SN 2391) both have Hallam's Road, Gippsland as their address (Hallam's Road is now called Hallam).  Narre Warren and Narre Warren North are also listed as Gippsland on enrolment papers.  I am surprised that Emerald, Hallam,  Narre Warren or Narre Warren North would be considered Gippsland, but some people thought so 100 years ago.

Back to my dilemma as to where South Gippsland starts - William Lester  Lyons (SN 655) has his address listed on his enrolment paper as Cranbourne, Gippsland and yet Arthur Bell (SN 6956) is Cranbourne, South Gippsland. There are also have examples of Clyde, Yanathan, Tooradin and Lang Lang being listed as both Gippsland and South Gippsland and one example of Dalmore being called South Gippsland.

To add to the mix there are also references to North Gippsland in the enlistment papers of soldiers - these men mostly come from Heyfield, Maffra, Fernbank region but there is  a photograph held at the State Library of Victoria called Bunnyip Hotel, North Gippsland taken by Fred Kruger in the 1880s. This Hotel established by David Connor, around 1867, was on the Bunyip River and the Gippsland Road (Princes Highway) - not what I would consider to be Gippsland North. 

The Bunnip Hotel, described by the photographer, Fred Kruger, as being at Gippsland North.

Bunnyip Hotel, North Gippsland c. 1880s Photographer: Fred Kruger.

State Library of Victoria Image H41138/11

In April 1965, the Pakenham Gazette reported on the upcoming football season and the West Gippsland League included the following teams - Bunyip, Catani, Cora Lynn, Drouin, Garfield, Lang Lang, Longwarry, Koo Wee Rup, Nar Nar Goon,  Pakenham and Yarragon. In my mind a fairly logical range of towns to represent West Gippsland. Yet the South-West Gippsland League had the following teams - Beaconsfield, Berwick, Cranbourne, Doveton, Lyndhurst-Hampton Park, Keysborough, Narre Warren, Officer, Rythdale-Cardinia and  Tooradin-Dalmore - a far less logical name for the League as even though some of these towns could perhaps claim to be West Gippsland, they aren't even remotely South Gippsland. 

The Victorian Places website (6) says that you could define Gippsland by water catchment areas -  From east to west the catchments comprise East Gippsland, Snowy, Tambo, Mitchell, Thomson, Latrobe, South Gippsland and Bunyip. The last one, the Bunyip catchment, consists of several streams that flow into Western Port Bay, as well as the Dandenong Creek which enters Port Phillip Bay at Carrum. With the Dandenong Creek omitted, the balance of the Bunyip catchment (ie eastwards of Cardinia Creek) includes most of Gippsland West (7).  So now we are basically back to our original boundary, the Cardinia Creek, which we started with when we spoke about the location of the Gippsland Hotel at Beaconsfield on the Cardinia Creek.

In summary - with all this evidence coming from various sources, some authoritative and some less so, I'm happy to go with the Cardinia Creek as the (unofficial) boundary of Gippsland.   Firstly, it was the original boundary and secondly, the fact that on a social level, many people in the old Shires pf Berwick and Cranbourne (basically today's City of Casey and Shire of Cardinia) have identified as belonging to Gippsland - even if it was for something as 'trivial' as sport or on a more serious basis, they had it recorded as their address on their World War One enlistment papers.  

Footnotes
(1) In the wake of the Pack Tracks: a history of the Shire of Berwick (Berwick Pakenham Historical Society, 1982)
(2) In the wake of the Pack Tracks, op. cit., pp. 37-38
(3) Daley, Charles The Story of Gippsland (Whitcombe & Tombs P/L, 1960),
(4) Daley, op. cit., p. 170.
(5) Daley, op. cit., p. 193
(6) South Bourke & Mornington Journal, April 3, 1919, see here. 
(7) www.victorianplaces.com.au
(8) www.victorianplaces.com.au/gippsland

A previous version of this post, which I wrote and researched appears on the Casey Cardinia  Links to our Past Blog. 

Fred Tuckfield - the maker of Ty-nee Tip tea and bird cards

I love birds and I believe my interest in birds came from the fact that my mother collected Tuckfield Ty-nee Tips Tea bird cards. They used to be in Tuckfields Tea - Mum and Dad were  prolific tea drinkers, they made teapot tea (tea with loose tea, not teabag tea) and every pack of tea had one card, and they were then placed into albums, which we used to look through as children. This was in the the 1960s and 1970s. My Aunty also collected the cards, so that was a source of 'swaps'.

Tuckfields' Bird Card Album for cards No. 1 to 96.

Some time ago, a friend of mine gave me a set of the Tuckfield albums that he had came across, and I was quite thrilled about that for both the connection to my childhood and my love of birds. 

We will start off by looking at the bird cards - there is a very detailed and scholarly study of the bird cards on a website called Tuckfields Birds and other cards: types, variants, chronology, exchange tokens, albums, and miscellany by Mark Calabretta and Cheryl Ridge (1) - you can access the website, here http://members.iinet.net.au/~mcalabre@netspace.net.au/ They tell us that the cards commenced in 1959 and stopped in 2008, there were five series in all which featured 480 birds. The albums also had 'notes for birdwatchers' which included good bird watching locations,  a list of Bird Observer Clubs, the second album included a foreword by Graham Pizzey, the noted ornithologist. The study talks about card types, printing, variants, storage, identifies differences between particular editions of the bird card albums, lists every card and also talks about the other collectibles such as tea caddies and tea spoons, as well as Mr Tuckfield's career, his passion for camellia growing and personal life.  It is an amazing tribute to the bird cards and Fred Tuckfield.

If the Tuckfield Ty-nee Tips Tea bird cards were not part of your childhood, then this is what the album looks like  - these are birds number 1 to 4 - the Red-plumed Bird of Paradise, the Lonely Little King Bird of Paradise; the Helmeted Honeyeater and the Rufous Fantail.

Fred and his wife, Hilda, originally lived in  a house in Manor Grove in North Caulfield, where they grew many camellias. My friend and I visited Fred Tuckfield's house in Manor Grove in March 2019 and the homeowner kindly allowed us to take some photos of the camellias in the garden, including this lovely specimen, below. There are 15 to 20 camellias, still in the garden and we were told that when they moved into the house around 20 years ago, the back yard was full of camellias - all Fred Tuckfield's work!

One of Fred Tuckfield's camellias in his old house in Manor Grove.

Image: Isaac Hermann

Fred Tuckfield eventually run out of space for his camellias and so he and his wife, Hilda, moved to a property on Manuka Road in Berwick; the house was was built around 1891 for the Greaves family; it then had  a series of owners until 1956 (2) when Mr Tuckfield purchased it. It was named Clover Cottage in the 1930s and was situated on eight acres of land.  In 1974, John and Engelina Chipperfield and their business partner, Trevor Burr,  purchased the property from the Tuckfield Estate and from 1979 to early 2017 operated the Clover Cottage restaurant in a purpose built building on the site (3).

For more information on the  Clover Cottage property we turn to Dr Cristina Dyson of Context and her report on the property for the City of Casey in 2018 (4).  Mr Tuckfield engaged  John Stevens, a landscape consultant, to design his garden. Dr Dyson, says the garden represents one of Stevens earliest large scale residential designs, and is interesting as it demonstrates the two great interests of Tuckfield at the time, his camellia collection and his passion for the environment. From the 1950s onward, Tuckfield encouraged innovative gardening techniques, which would now be considered ‘environmentally friendly’. These included use of trickly watering systems, mulching, banning of pesticides and insecticides and other chemicals. He made a number of passionate public appeals against the indiscriminate use of pesticides, which he believed was rapidly destroying the balance of nature.   Stevens also designed landscapes for a number of prominent architectural firms in Melbourne, including Bates Smart McCutcheon, Roy Grounds, Robin Boyd, Stephenson & Turner. 

Mr Tuckfield's camellia, The Czar, won best bloom at the Royal Horticultural Society's camellia show in August 1952.

The Age, August 22, 1952 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article206222316

The garden at Berwick had both a camellia plantation and an area for native plants. Mr Tuckfield was very involved in the Australia Camellia Research Society, he was at one time the President and developed 25 camellia cultivars at the Clover Cottage property (5).

In this advertisement from Ty-nee Tips Teas of 1973, Fred Tuckfield tells us 

that few people realise that the tea bush is related to the camellia. 

The Age August 14, 1973.

Frederick Stevens Tuckfield was born in Sale in 1898 to Fred and Ada (nee Page) Tuckfield. He married Hilda Cader in 1924 and she passed away in 1958. The next year he married Vera Sanders, who died in 1961. He remarried in 1962 to Muriel Dennis (6). Fred began a wholesale business selling tea in 1936, having previously worked for Rolfe & Co Ltd, wholesale grocers. By 1940 he was selling Ty-nee Tips tea. The business expanded in the 1950s and 1959 he introduced the bird cards (7)  which were such a lovely and memorable part of my childhood. Fred Tuckfield died September 19, 1973. 

My friend, Audrey, told me this story about Fred Tuckfield - when she was 17 she worked at Ty-nee Tips Tea in, I think it was Prahran, and Mr Tuckfield came in everyday, would mix with everyone and knew everyone by name. That was around 1953. Audrey also said she earnt 4 pounds, 7 shillings and 6 pence a week and her mother took 4 pounds a week for board!

This is Volume 2 - for cards No. 97 to No. 192.

Footnotes

(1) Tuckfields Birds and other cards: types, variants, chronology, exchange tokens, albums, and miscellany by Mark Calabretta and Cheryl Ridge http://members.iinet.net.au/~mcalabre@netspace.net.au/#guide

(2)  Frederick and Hilda Tuckfield are first listed in the Shire of Berwick Rate Books in 1955/1956 year, when they purchased the property of 8 acres with  a house. The date of transfer was 3/6/1956 and the price listed was £5,500.
(3) The information about the Clover Cottage restaurant comes from Berwick Star News November 2, 2016 https://berwicknews.starcommunity.com.au/news/2016-11-02/cottage-restaurant-closes-shop/
(4) Clover Cottage and Garden, 54 Manuka Road, Berwick: Statement of Evidence, Casey Planning Scheme Amendment C231, 2 March 2018 by Dr Cristina Dyson, Context. https://www.casey.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files-public/user-files/1.%20Dr-C-Dyson_Statement-of-Evidence_Clover-Cottage-and-Garden-and-Appendix-A-2mar2018.pdf

(5) ibid. 
(6) Information about his birth, marriages and death from Residents of Upper Beaconsfield: Upper Beaconsfield One Place Study by Marianne Rocke. https://upperbeaconsfieldhistory.org.au/
(7) Information about Fred Tuckfield's business career comes from the Mark Calabretta and Cheryl Ridge article, see Footnote 1.

Martha King (1790 - 1860) - Pioneer Woman

Martha Jane King took up the lease of the Bunguyan run in 1845. The run was of 15,000 acres and takes in modern day Hastings and Tyabb. Mrs King held the lease until November 1859 (1). It was unusual for a woman to have a lease hold in her own name, so in this post we will look at the life of Mrs King. King’s Creek in Hastings was named for Martha King and her family and was the original name for the township of Hastings (2).

Much of the following information comes from historian, Valda Cole, as presented in her book Western Port: Pioneers and Preachers (3). 

Martha was born Martha Jane Henry in County Down Ireland in 1790 and married Henry King in 1814, who was also from County Down.  They had seven children Mary, John, Sarah, Ellen, Robert, Alexander and James.  

The eldest son, John, came to Sydney in 1838. Whilst in Sydney he heard favourable reports about the Port Phillip Region, so returned to Ireland to pass this onto his family. Thus on August 10, 1840 Martha and Henry King and children, plus John King, his wife Elizabeth (nee Johnstone) and their two children, Frederick and Annie, all embarked for Australia on the Salsette. Martha and Henry’s daughters, Sarah and Ellen, were listed on the shipping records as dairy women and their other daughter Mary as a house servant.

The shipping record for the Salsette, which lists Sarah, Ellen and Mary King under Unmarried Females.  The three women can both read and write.

Public Records Office of Victoria VPRS 14/P0000, Book No.2 Register of Assisted Immigrants from the United Kingdom

Sadly, on the way out Martha’s husband, Henry died on October 30 aged 49. The family landed in Melbourne on January 4, 1841, six years after the region had been ‘discovered’ by Europeans such as John Batman and John Pascoe Fawkner in 1835 and four years after Governor Bourke proclaimed the town of Melbourne in 1837. Melbourne’s non-Indigenous population at the Census taken on March 2, 1841 was 4,479 (4)  and the King family would have been counted in this Census, along with many other new arrivals seeking  a new life in a ‘new’ country.

In spite of the fact that Martha was recently widowed and her daughter Mary died in 1842 aged 27, Martha had to continue on.  The family was living in Moonee Ponds and to support her children she took charge of John Pascoe Fawkner's father's dairy herd - 113 head of cattle. John Fawkner had become insolvent and so had had to relinquish most of his farm at Pascoe Vale. The herd provided Martha with a source of income as she could sell the cheese that she made from the milk and the herd also provided employment  for her children – daughters Sarah and Ellen were already experienced dairy women. 

Martha needed a large area of land to run a dairy herd and she had access to land leased by her brother, Robert Henry. Robert had the Cardinia Creek No.1 run of 5,120 acres from October 1842 until May 1851 (5). It was later taken over by Terence O’Connor. This run was based, as the name suggests, on the Cardinia Creek, the west side. It is believed that Martha took on adjacent land on the corner of Pound Road and Thompsons road to look after the Fawkner herd.  However as we know she wasn’t there for long as in 1845 she took up the 15,000 acre Bunguyan lease where the family lived in a cottage on the property whilst they were developing  Bunguyan.  

This is part of the Cranbourne Parish Plan and shows the Cardinia Creek pre-emptive right of 640 acres, which was once part of the 5,120 acres leased by Martha's brother, Robert Henry. Dr Niel Gunson describes the Cardinia Creek run as being north of St Germains (6) so I assume that the original run extended west (perhaps to Pound Road) and possibly north of the pre-emptive right. 

Although Martha took up Bunguyan in 1845, the actual formal application wasn’t lodged until 1850 and it was gazetted on December 11, 1850. 

This is notice in the Port Phillip Government Gazette of December 11, 1850, p. 1040, concerning Martha King's lease of the Bunguyan property, near modern day Tyabb.

http://gazette.slv.vic.gov.au/images/1850/P/general/52.pdf

In 1856, Martha purchased the 160 acre pre-emptive right of Bunguyan (which was on the south east corner of modern day O’Neills Road and Frankston Flinders Road in Tyabb). The property was sold in February 1860. Martha King then moved to the property owned by her daughter and son-in-law, Sarah and Richard Rogers,  Tanti Grange, in Schnapper Point (now known as Mornington.)

Parish of Tyabb, County of Mornington, showing the Bungunyan Pre-emptive Right of 160 acres, purchased by Martha King in 1856.

State Library of Victoria http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/107773

As you can see from this other copy of the Tyabb Parish Plan, the Kings more than likely selected their pre-emptive right based on the fact that it had permanent fresh water.

State Library of Victoria http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/160165

Martha King died at Tanti Grange on August 11, 1860 and was buried in the old Melbourne Cemetery which was located on the corner of Queen Street and Victoria Street in Melbourne (now the site of the Queen Victoria market).  There is a memorial plaque to Martha King at the Bunguyan Reserve in Tyabb (which I will take a photo of one day and add it to this post).

Martha King's death notice.

The Argus, August 14, 1860 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5687851

Family information on the seven children of Martha and Henry King
Mary - born 1815, died May 5 1842.

Mary's death notice.

Port Phillip Patriot May 12, 1842 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article226511277

John  - 1817, died January 26, 1870.  John Charles King was appointed the first Town Clerk of the newly established Melbourne City Council in December 1842 and was later a Member of the Legislative Assembly and later still the business manager of The Argus.  You can read his entry in the Australian Dictionary of Biography here. You can also read his obituary in The Australasian of January 29, 1870, here.

Sarah - 1819, died September 7, 1898 at Warragul. Sarah married Richard Pierce Rogers in 1858. He was a Warragul Shire Councillor and died on May 25, 1884. His brother, John, had married Sarah Henry, Martha’s niece.

Sarah's death notice

The Argus, September 8, 1898 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article9850534

Ellen - 1822, died June 6, 1903, at Warragul, at Birchgrove, the home of her late sister, Sarah.

Ellen's death notice

The Argus June 10, 1903 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article9802190

Robert - 1825, died July 19, 1883. Robert married Annie Henry in 1871. She was his first cousin, a daughter of Robert Henry. Robert and Annie were living at Coorangbong, in New South Wales when he died. 

Application for letters of administration for Robert King who died intestate.

New South Wales Government Gazette July 27, 1883. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article221656017

Alexander  - 1827, died December 29, 1885. Alexander married Mary King in 1853; she was his first cousin, another daughter of Robert Henry. In 1853, Alexander and his brother, Robert, started the first general store on Ballarat at the foot of the hill on which Christ Church Pro Cathedral now stands, but after a short time moved on to the Eureka rush, and opened a branch store at Dalton’s Flat. After the Eureka Stockade riots the brothers closed the branch store and moved to Bridge street, where the business has since been carried on. He was a well known Iron-monger. This is from Alexander's interesting obituary, which was published in the Ballarat Star on December 30, 1885. You can read it here. 

Alexander's death notice.

Ballarat Star, December 31, 1885 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article206305642

James 1830, died 1831. 

Acknowledgment

Much of this information comes from Valda Cole’s research, presented in her book Western Port: Pioneers and Preachers (Hawthorn Press, 1975). Mrs Cole gave a talk about the life of Martha King and the early history of the Hastings Tyabb area at the South Eastern Historical Association Discovery School held in 2012  and ever since I have been fascinated about Martha and the life she lead as an early pioneer. 

Footnotes

(1) Billis, R.V & Kenyon, A.S Pastoral Pioneers of Port Phillip (Stockland Press, 1974), p. 93.

(2) Blake, Les Place Names of Victoria (Rigby, 1977)

(3) Cole, Valda Western Port: Pioneers and Preachers (Hawthorn Press, 1975)

(4) Population - https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/sitecollectiondocuments/history-city-of-melbourne.pdf

(5) Billis, R.V & Kenyon, A.S Pastoral Pioneers of Port Phillip (Stockland Press, 1974), p. 81

(6) Gunson, Niel The Good Country: Cranbourne Shire (Cheshire, 1969), pp. 35-36.

Laying of the Foundation Stone of the Children's Hospital

On April 20, 1898 the foundation stone of the Children's Hospital was laid by Beatrice Maie St John Madden, Ivy Victoria Clarke and Ethel Maie Sumner Ryan. The three girls  carried out their duty on behalf of the children of Victoria. Although these girls represented the children of Victoria, they were not truly representative of the children of Victoria as they were from families belonging to the  squattocracy (1) or 'upper class' - families well connected to each other, to politicians, to power and to money. 

The three girls who performed the ceremony

The Weekly Times April 30, 1898 https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/221140643/23411263

The Weekly Times of April 30, 1898 (2) reported on the event and the list of invited guests, including the Acting Governor, Sir John Murray and the role of the three girls - After a few words by the architects, the stone was hoisted, and a bottle containing records of the hospital and the newspapers of the day, was placed in a cavity beneath it. The three little girls, who were all tastefully dressed, and carried handsome bouquets, then stepped forward, and very sedately and prettily went through their part of the programme. First of all they carefully measured the stone. Then they were supplied with a spadeful of mortar upon a polished cedar platter, and with their silver trowels they each took up a morsel and deposited it beneath the stone. "Lower, please," called one of the little ladies to the man at the windlass; then "lower yet," and the stone was dropped into its place. Then with serious faces the three took up one after another a miniature spirit-level, and laid it this way and that across the stone. Lastly, with tiny mallets of cedar they tapped the stone, and their task was done. And then they made a speech. At first little Miss Madden was the spokes-maiden, and this is what she said: - "Ladies and Gentlemen, -We three little girls are very pleased and very proud to be allowed to-day to help this hospital. We declare this stone well and truly laid, and we hope that God will bless this building, and that He will save many dear little children from death and pain by its means." Then the three together lifted up their voices, and said: "On behalf of the children of Victoria, we declare this stone well and truly laid." There was great cheering at this announcement, and the little ladies retired, each carrying with her in a silk-lined morocco case the silver trowel which had been presented. (Weekly Times, April 30, 1898, see here)

The foundation stone of the 1898 building.

Image: Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne 1870 - 1970 by Lyndsay Gardiner (3).

The laying of the foundation stone ceremony

The Weekly Times April 30, 1898 https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/221140643/23411263

The Children's Hospital began in 1870 in  a house at 39  Exhibition Street (then called Stephen Street). In 1873 it moved to Spring Street. This building could accommodate 15 inpatients as well as providing an outpatient service. The hospital moved again in 1876 to Carlton, to a house purchased from Sir Redmond Barry. This new building provided a substantial increase in space, it could house 24 inpatients and was located on the block bounded by Rathdown, Pelham and Drummond Streets. The hospital expanded with the erection of the new building in 1898, designed by Guyon Purchas and William Shields. It remained on this site until January 1963, when it moved to Flemington Road in Parkville (4).  The Hospital became the Royal Children's Hospital in 1953 (5).

The 1898 building

Children's Hospital, Drummond Street Carlton, exterior view, c. 1900.

Photographer: Charles Rudd. State Library of Victoria Image H39357/103

We will have a look at the life of these three girls.
Beatrice Maie St John Madden. Beatrice, born in 1890, was the youngest daughter of Sir John Madden and his wife Gertrude Frances Stephen. She had four older sisters, Amy (born 1873), Gertrude (1875), Sylvia (1876), Ruby (1877) and one brother Guy born 1879. The family lived at Cloyne, in St Kilda and had a country residence, Yamala, at Frankston. Sir John (1844-1918) was a lawyer and was appointed the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in 1893, the year he was Knighted. Lady Madden, who died in 1925 at the age of 72 was the President of the Austral Salon and the Bush Nursing Association. Sir John was described as an indulgent father (6) and Beatrice grew up in an wealthy and well connected household.

Beatrice Madden, aged about six. I believe this was taken at Yamala.

State Library of Victoria Image H93.236/3

Beatrice married Maurice Howard Baillieu in March 1912 in a fashionable wedding, as the newspapers described Society weddings in those days. It was attended by the Governor of Victoria as well as Dame Nellie Melba, amongst other guests (7).  Maurice was the son of James Baillieu and the brother of William Baillieu, who was a partner in the firm of Munro and Baillieu, prominent Melbourne auctioneers. You can read about the Baillieu family here, in the Australian Dictionary of Biography. Beatrice and Maurice had a son John and a daughter Sandra (8). Beatrice died in 1957 at the age of 66.

Photo of Beatrice Madden published at the time of the laying of the foundation stone.

Melbourne Punch April 28, 1898 https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/21092377#

Ivy Victoria Clarke. Ivy was the daughter of  Sir William Clarke (1831 - 1897) pastoralist and philanthropist, who in 1874 inherited property in Victoria worth £1,500,000 which is very serious money. In 1881, Clarke was created  a Baronet, the only hereditary title in Australia thus Ivy's background was equally as 'prominent', perhaps even more so than that of Beatrice. Sir William's first wife, Mary (nee Walker) died in 1871 - they had four children - Alice (born 1862), Rupert (1865), Ethel (1867) and Ernest (1869).  In 1872 he married Janet Snodgrass, who had been the governess to his children. She was the daughter of Peter and Charlotte Snodgrass, more of whom later. They had seven children - Clive (1874), William (1876), Agnes (1877), Francis (1879), Reginald (1880), Lily (1884) and Ivy in 1888. The family homes were  Rupertswood in Sunbury and Cliveden (now demolished) in East Melbourne. Lady Clarke was also very philanthropic and was involved with the Austral Salon, the Melbourne District Nursing Society, the first president of the National Council of Women among many other organizations. In 1889, Lady Clarke donated £5000 for the construction of the Hostel for Women University Students, Trinity College known as  Janet Clarke Hall.  You can read her entry in the Australian Dictionary of Biography, here.

Photo of Ivy Clarke published at the time of the laying of the foundation stone.

Melbourne Punch April 28, 1898 https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/21092377#

Ivy married Robert William Knox in 1912. He was a business man, director of various companies and President of the Australian National Theatre Movement. He was Knighted in 1934. Ivy was involved in various charitable and community organisations, including being the President of the Australian Women's National League. She died in 1962 at the age of 74. As a matter of interest, to me at least (9), when Ivy's mother, Janet Clarke, died at the age of 57 in April 1909 she left an estate of  £109,000 and made a number of individual bequests to her children. Ivy received Honiton lace and her mother's diamond tiara. Honiton lace was an English lace and was used on Queen Victoria' wedding gown when she married in 1840. I wondered if Ivy had used the lace in her own wedding gown, but it wasn't, her dress was of satin and tulle and embroidered with pearls (10).  Ivy's life was indeed  a life of privilege however her father died when she was nine, her mother when she was twenty and her son Keith in 1946 at the age of 27, so all the money in the world can't insulate you from the death of loved ones. Keith had served in the War with an English regiment, was awarded the Military Cross and Bar, but died as a result of an operation in 1946 (11). Ivy and Robert had another son, David, and a  daughter Rosemary.

Lady Clarke wearing her diamond tiara, which she left to her daughter Ivy.

Photo: The Long last summer: Australia's Upper Class before the Great War by Michael Cannon (12)

Ethel Maie Sumner Ryan.  Maie as she was known, was born on March 13, 1891 in Melbourne.  She was the daughter of Sir Charles Snodgrass Ryan and Alice Elfrida Sumner.  Her brother, Rupert Sumner Ryan had been born in 1884. Sir Charles was the honorary medical officer to the Children's Hospital from 1883 until 1913, then became consulting surgeon. Sir Charles was the son of Charles Ryan and Marion Cotton. Marion's sister Charlotte was married to Peter Snodgrass and they were the parents of Janet, Lady Clarke. Thus Charles Ryan and Janet Clarke were first cousins. John Cotton, the father of Marion and Charlotte, was a naturalist and had published two books on birds in England before he arrived in Australia. He had plans to publish a book on the birds of Port Phillip, illustrated with his own drawings, but died before this eventuated. His grand-daughter, Ellis Rowan, was also a talented artist, who painted exquisite pictures of  wildflowers and birds. Ellis was the sister of Charles Ryan and  the aunt of young Maie.

Photo of Maie Ryan published at the time of the laying of the foundation stone.

Melbourne Punch April 28, 1898 https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/21092377#

Maie married Richard Gavin Gardiner Casey in London in 1926. He was an engineer, a politician and  the Governor General of Australia from 1965 to 1969, you can read about his life and career here. They had two children, Jane and Richard. The Casey family lived at Edrington in Berwick.  Maie's aunt on her mother's side, Winifred Sumner was married to Andrew Chirnside, one of the Chirnsides of Werribee Park. Andrew and Winifred purchased Edrington in Berwick in 1912 and when the couple both died within three months of each other in 1934 Edrington passed to Maie Casey and her brother, Colonel Rupert Ryan, niece and nephew of Winifred. Edrington at Berwick was the family home of Lord and Lady Casey (well one of them, they also owned a house in East Melbourne).  Maie was a talented artist, a writer and  a poet. She also complied and edited Early Melbourne Architecture, 1840 to 1888:  a photographic record (13). Sadly, many of the buildings had been demolished when the book was published,  I'd hate to think how little remains now.  It's a great book, well worth trying to obtain a copy, if you want to see how marvellous Melbourne once was. Lady Casey died in 1983. Read more about her, here.

Lady Casey standing beside a small aeroplane. Both Lord and Lady Casey flew planes. They 

established their own airfield at Berwick, Casey Airfield.

State Library of Victoria Image H2013.295/1

Footnotes:
(1) Squattocracy - what a great word this is - the Colonial Aristocracy. The first evidence of its use was in 1846 according to A dictionary of Australian colloquialisms by G. A. Wilkes (Sydney University Press, 1978) A squatter was a respectable pastoralist occupying Crown land by licence. Most of these squatters then purchased the land at the first Government land sales.  The ownership of land was a source of great wealth, as we can see with Sir William Clarke.
(2) Weekly Times of April 30, 1898, see here.
(3) Gardiner, Lyndsay Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne 1870 - 1970 (published by the Hospital in 1970)
(4) Gardiner, op. cit.
(5) The Children's Hospital becomes the Royal Children's Hospital reported in The Age August 7, 1953, see here.
(6) Sir John Madden, an indulgent father comes from his Australian Dictionary of Biography entry written by Ruth Campbell, see here.
(7) Beatrice Madden's wedding was reported on in The Leader, March 16, 1912, see here and The Australasian, March 16, 1912, see here. The State Library of Victoria has a copy of her wedding photo, see here.
(8) I wondered whether the three girls kept in touch or were friends. I found a report of Sandra Baillieu's wedding to Alexander William Stewart in September 1950. It was a small wedding with family and intimate friends and Sir Robert and Lady Knox were present, so it appears there was still some connection between Beatrice and Ivy. The report was in The Argus November 27, 1950, see here. You can see the photos of 'Melbourne's Society Wedding of the Year', here, in the same paper.
(9) I was interested that Ivy inherited her mother's tiara, because I love tiaras! It's not often you get a chance to write about tiaras in Local History blogs, so even though it is not central to the story, I wasn't going to let this opportunity pass.
(10) Ivy's wedding was reported in Punch November 12, 1914, see here and The Leader, November 14, 1914, see here.
(11) The obituary of Keith Knox was in The Argus November 12, 1946, see here and The Age of November 12, 1946, see here.
(12) Cannon, Michael The Long last summer: Australia's Upper Class before the Great War (Nelson, 1985)
(13) Casey, Maie Early Melbourne architecture, 1840 to 1888: a photographic record (Oxford University Press, 1975)